Discovering any new growth in the mouth can cause concern, with many worrying about cancer. Oral fibromas are common growths, generally considered benign (non-cancerous). This information clarifies their nature and addresses common questions.
What is an Oral Fibroma
An oral fibroma is a non-cancerous growth of fibrous connective tissue that typically develops inside the mouth. It often appears as a smooth, firm, dome-shaped lump, though its surface can be rough or ulcerated from repeated irritation. These growths usually blend with the surrounding oral mucosa, appearing pink, or sometimes paler or darker. Oral fibromas vary in size, generally ranging from a few millimeters to about 2 centimeters in diameter.
These lesions frequently occur in areas prone to trauma or chronic irritation. Common locations include the inner cheek along the bite line, the sides of the tongue, the gums, and the lips. Repetitive injury, such as habitual cheek or lip biting, friction from ill-fitting dentures, or rubbing against a rough tooth, often causes them. This ongoing irritation triggers the body’s healing response, leading to an overgrowth of fibrous tissue.
Risk of Malignant Change
A common concern is the potential for oral fibromas to transform into cancer. However, oral fibromas are considered reactive lesions, not precancerous. They respond to chronic irritation or trauma and have a negligible risk of malignant transformation. They are distinct from other oral lesions, such as leukoplakia or erythroplakia, which are recognized as potentially malignant disorders with a higher risk of developing into oral cancer.
Oral fibromas are benign and do not typically develop into oral cancer. Unlike cancerous lesions with rapid, uncontrolled growth and tissue invasion, fibroma growth is localized and slow. They remain confined to their original site and do not metastasize. While some rare conditions, like sarcomas, can clinically mimic oral fibromas, proper diagnosis differentiates these benign growths from more serious conditions.
When to Consult a Professional
Even though oral fibromas are generally benign, it is prudent to seek professional dental or medical advice if you discover any new growth or unusual change in your mouth. An oral health professional can accurately diagnose the lesion and rule out other, more serious conditions. It is particularly important to get an examination if the growth exhibits concerning characteristics, including rapid growth, pain, ulceration that does not heal, or changes in color (white, red, or mixed).
The diagnostic process typically involves a thorough clinical examination, assessing the lesion’s size, texture, and location. Your medical history, including any associated symptoms or changes over time, will also be reviewed. In many cases, a biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis and distinguish the fibroma from other oral lesions. This involves taking a small tissue sample for microscopic examination, which is a definitive way to ensure the growth is benign.
Treatment and Prognosis
The management of an oral fibroma often involves its removal, particularly if it causes discomfort, interferes with chewing or speaking, or if there is diagnostic uncertainty. Surgical excision is a common and effective treatment, performed by a dentist or oral surgeon. This procedure is typically straightforward, often done under local anesthesia, and involves cutting out the fibroma with a small margin of healthy tissue. Laser therapy is another option for removal.
Once removed, the recurrence of an oral fibroma is uncommon, especially if the source of chronic irritation that caused it is identified and eliminated. If the irritant, such as a sharp tooth edge or ill-fitting denture, remains, recurrence in the same area is possible. The long-term outlook for oral fibromas is excellent, as they are benign and do not pose a risk of malignant transformation. Regular dental check-ups are always advisable to maintain overall oral health and to monitor for any new or changing oral lesions.