Dental sealants are thin, protective coatings applied to the chewing surfaces of the back teeth, specifically the molars and premolars. These teeth have naturally occurring depressions and grooves, known as pits and fissures, which easily trap food particles and bacteria, making them highly susceptible to decay. The sealant material flows into these grooves, creating a smooth barrier that blocks out decay-causing agents. While often associated with pediatric dentistry, adults can benefit from and receive dental sealants. This preventive treatment shields the enamel from acid erosion and subsequent cavity formation, regardless of age.
Criteria for Adult Eligibility
Adult application of dental sealants is recommended when specific risk factors for decay are present in teeth that remain unrestored. A dentist may suggest this measure for individuals whose molars possess deep, unsealed grooves and pits that are difficult to clean with a toothbrush. The primary consideration is that the tooth surface must be free of existing decay or restorations, as a sealant should not be placed over an active cavity.
An adult with a history of frequent cavities is a strong candidate, as sealants reduce the risk of decay in hard-to-reach molar surfaces. Certain medical conditions or medications can lead to xerostomia, or chronic dry mouth, which limits the protective effect of saliva. Since reduced saliva flow increases the overall risk for decay, sealants provide an added layer of defense for healthy teeth in this situation.
Sealants are not recommended for teeth that already have fillings, crowns, or other restorations on the chewing surface. Similarly, teeth that are worn down and have flat chewing surfaces due to years of use or bruxism may not benefit as much. This is because the deep grooves are no longer present to trap debris.
How Dental Sealants Are Applied
The application of dental sealants is a non-invasive and efficient procedure that does not require drilling or local anesthetic. The process begins with a meticulous cleaning of the tooth surface to remove all plaque and debris from the pits and fissures. After cleaning, the tooth is isolated to ensure it remains completely dry, which is necessary for the sealant to bond effectively.
The next step involves applying a mild acidic solution, or etchant, to the chewing surface for a short period. This solution creates microscopic roughness on the enamel, which enhances the mechanical bond between the tooth and the sealant material. After the etching solution is rinsed away and the tooth is dried again, the liquid resin material is carefully painted onto the prepared surface.
The low-viscosity resin flows into the roughened grooves and pits, forming a thin, protective layer. A special curing light is then shined directly onto the sealant material. This light triggers polymerization, which quickly hardens and cures the resin, permanently bonding the sealant to the tooth enamel. The entire process is quick, often taking only a few minutes per tooth, and the finished sealant forms a smooth, durable surface.
Lifespan and Ongoing Care
Dental sealants provide long-term protection, with an expected lifespan ranging from five to ten years for resin-based materials. The durability is affected by several factors, including the patient’s diet, oral hygiene habits, and the presence of teeth grinding, or bruxism. Regular dental checkups are necessary to monitor the condition of the sealants and check for signs of wear, chipping, or partial loss.
If a sealant shows signs of compromise, the repair or replacement process is simple and can often be done during a routine appointment. The dentist can clean the area and reapply a new layer of sealant to restore the protective barrier. Opting for sealants is a cost-effective preventive measure, as the cost per tooth is low, typically ranging from $30 to $60. This investment is substantially less than the cost of a dental filling, which can range from $150 to $350 or more.