Though “dry drowning” and “secondary drowning” are common terms, medical professionals refer to these as delayed drowning incidents or post-immersion syndrome. These rare respiratory complications can occur in adults. This article clarifies what happens in such situations, outlining the processes, symptoms, and preventive measures.
Understanding Delayed Respiratory Issues After Water Exposure
Even after a near-drowning event where initial recovery seems complete, delayed respiratory issues can develop. What is colloquially known as “dry drowning” involves a laryngeal spasm, where vocal cords involuntarily constrict. This reflex occurs when water is inhaled, preventing it from entering the lungs but also blocking air passage. Symptoms typically appear quickly, often within minutes to an hour after the incident.
Another related phenomenon, “secondary drowning,” involves water entering the lungs. Even a small amount of aspirated water can irritate the lung lining, leading to inflammation and fluid accumulation (pulmonary edema). This fluid buildup hinders the lungs’ ability to transfer oxygen, causing breathing difficulties that may not appear for several hours, sometimes up to 48 hours after exposure. The medical community prefers terms like “delayed drowning,” “post-immersion syndrome,” or “non-fatal drowning with delayed complications” to encompass this spectrum of respiratory impairment from liquid immersion.
Identifying Concerning Symptoms
Recognizing the signs of delayed respiratory issues after water exposure is important, as symptoms can progress. Adults might experience a persistent cough, which can sometimes produce frothy or even blood-tinged sputum. Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing is another common indicator.
Other symptoms include chest pain, unusual fatigue or lethargy, and changes in behavior or mental status (e.g., irritability or confusion). Wheezing, gasping for breath, dizziness, bluish skin or lips, vomiting, or foaming at the mouth can also signal a problem. These symptoms typically worsen and appear within hours to 48 hours following the incident.
When to Seek Urgent Medical Care
Any persistent or worsening symptoms following a water incident, even if minor, warrant immediate medical attention. It is advisable to go to an emergency room or call emergency services if symptoms like persistent coughing, difficulty breathing, or changes in behavior develop. Providing medical personnel with a detailed account of the water exposure, including when it occurred and the timeline of any symptoms, can help in diagnosis and treatment.
A medical evaluation typically involves a physical examination, assessment of oxygen levels using a pulse oximeter, and potentially a chest X-ray to check for fluid in the lungs or other complications. Early intervention is important to prevent the development of more severe complications, such as respiratory failure. Even if symptoms appear mild, a professional assessment ensures that appropriate care is given.
Reducing the Risk
Minimizing the risk of delayed respiratory issues after water exposure involves adopting comprehensive water safety practices. Learning basic swimming and water safety skills is a fundamental step for all adults. It is also important to avoid swimming or engaging in other water activities while under the influence of alcohol, as it can impair judgment, coordination, and balance.
Always swimming with a buddy or ensuring supervision, even for adults, can provide an added layer of safety. Wearing a U.S. Coast Guard-approved life jacket, especially when boating or in open water, enhances safety. If any significant aspiration of water or choking occurs during a water activity, it is prudent to exit the water immediately and monitor for any concerning symptoms.