A yeast infection, medically known as candidiasis, is a common fungal infection caused by an overgrowth of Candida, a type of yeast that naturally lives on the body. While Candida typically exists in small amounts without causing issues, an imbalance can lead to an infection. This article explores how they can be transmitted, common non-sexual causes, and important symptoms to recognize.
Sexual Contact and Yeast Infections
A yeast infection can be transmitted through sexual contact, although it is not typically classified as a sexually transmitted infection (STI) like chlamydia or gonorrhea. Transmission can occur through direct skin-to-skin or mucous membrane contact during sexual activity, including vaginal, oral, or anal sex. If one partner has an active yeast infection, the risk of transmission to the other partner is heightened.
About 15% of men may develop an itchy rash on the penis after unprotected sexual contact with a partner who has a vaginal yeast infection. Men who are uncircumcised or have diabetes may face a higher risk of developing a penile yeast infection from such contact. While yeast infections are not solely acquired through sexual activity, the physical irritation from sex can sometimes disrupt the natural balance of microorganisms, contributing to Candida overgrowth. Using barrier methods like condoms or dental dams can help prevent yeast transfer between partners.
Common Non-Sexual Causes
Yeast infections often arise from factors unrelated to sexual activity, highlighting why they are not considered traditional STIs. A primary cause is the disruption of the body’s natural flora, particularly bacteria that keep Candida in check. Antibiotic use, especially broad-spectrum antibiotics, can kill these protective bacteria, allowing Candida to multiply excessively. Douching and harsh soaps or scented feminine hygiene products can also upset the vaginal environment, increasing susceptibility.
Hormonal changes frequently contribute to yeast overgrowth. Pregnancy, oral contraceptives, and natural fluctuations during the menstrual cycle can alter hormone levels, creating a more favorable environment for Candida. A weakened immune system, whether due to conditions like diabetes, HIV/AIDS, or certain medications such as corticosteroids, makes individuals more prone to yeast infections. Yeast feeds on sugar, so uncontrolled blood sugar levels in diabetics promote Candida growth. Environmental factors also play a role; tight or synthetic clothing can trap warmth and moisture, creating ideal conditions for yeast to thrive.
Recognizing Symptoms and When to Seek Help
Recognizing yeast infection symptoms is important for timely intervention. In women, common signs include intense itching and irritation in and around the vagina, along with a burning sensation during urination or sexual intercourse. Vaginal discharge may appear thick, white, and clumpy, often resembling cottage cheese, typically with little to no odor. Redness and swelling of the vulva are also observed.
Men can also experience yeast infections, often presenting as a red, itchy rash on the head of the penis, sometimes with white, shiny patches or small red spots. Discharge resembling cottage cheese might be present under the foreskin, with burning during urination or pain during sex. Consult a healthcare professional if these symptoms appear for the first time or if the cause is uncertain. Medical attention is also recommended if symptoms do not improve with over-the-counter treatments, if infections recur frequently (four or more times a year), or if the individual is pregnant or has underlying health conditions like diabetes or a weakened immune system.