A whale can “explode” under specific conditions. This rare phenomenon is a consequence of natural biological processes that occur after the animal’s death. When it does happen, it can be hazardous.
The Science of Whale Decomposition
The key to understanding why a dead whale might rupture lies in the process of decomposition. When a large marine mammal, such as a whale, dies, its internal organs and tissues begin to break down. This breakdown is primarily driven by anaerobic bacteria, which thrive in environments without oxygen, such as the whale’s gut. These bacteria consume the organic matter within the carcass, producing various gases as byproducts.
The gases generated include methane, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon dioxide. As decomposition progresses, these gases accumulate within the whale’s body cavity, particularly in the stomach and other large internal organs. The whale’s anatomy, specifically its thick blubber and robust skin, acts as a containment layer, trapping these gases inside. This containment leads to a significant buildup of internal pressure, causing the carcass to bloat considerably, sometimes to twice its original size.
The pressure continues to increase until the whale’s body can no longer contain it. When this point is reached, the carcass can rupture, releasing the accumulated gases and, often, decomposing organs and fluids. This release can be sudden and forceful, resembling an explosion. The larger the whale, the more organic material is available for bacterial breakdown, and consequently, the greater the potential for gas production and pressure buildup.
Real-World Occurrences and Public Safety
Documented instances of whale carcasses rupturing due to gas buildup exist. One widely reported case occurred in Florence, Oregon, in November 1970. A 45-foot-long, eight-ton sperm whale washed ashore, and the Oregon Highway Division decided to dispose of it using dynamite. The intention was to disintegrate the carcass into small pieces for scavengers.
However, the explosion was far more powerful than anticipated, sending large chunks of blubber and flesh flying over a quarter-mile away, damaging a parked car and raining down on spectators. The incident highlighted the unpredictable nature of disposing of large, decomposing marine mammals.
Another spontaneous rupture occurred in Taiwan in 2004, when a decomposing sperm whale burst in a crowded urban area while being transported for examination. This event underscored that natural gas buildup alone, without human intervention, can lead to a forceful rupture. Such occurrences emphasize the dangers associated with deceased whale carcasses.
Encountering a stranded or deceased whale carcass poses several public safety risks. The primary danger is the potential for rupture due to internal gas pressure. Approaching or interfering with the carcass can trigger a sudden release of gases and biological material, which can be hazardous.
Beyond the risk of physical rupture, decomposing whales also present biohazards. The carcass can carry various bacteria and viruses that are harmful to humans and pets. The fluids and tissues are also highly odorous and can contaminate the surrounding environment.
Due to these dangers, authorities advise against approaching or touching a dead whale. When a whale strands, it is left to trained professionals. Disposal methods often include towing the carcass out to sea to decompose naturally, burying it on the beach, or transporting it to a landfill. These methods minimize public health risks and environmental impact.