Water moccasins, also known as cottonmouths, are venomous snakes found throughout the southeastern United States. These semi-aquatic reptiles frequently inhabit swamps, marshes, and various waterways. A common concern is whether these snakes can bite underwater. Understanding their natural behaviors helps clarify the realities of such encounters.
The Likelihood of an Underwater Bite
Water moccasins are technically capable of biting underwater, as they possess fangs and can open their mouths while submerged. However, an underwater bite is considered extremely rare and not a typical behavior. They primarily hunt for prey like fish, frogs, and small mammals at the water’s surface or from the edge of the water. Defensive bites, which are usually a last resort when threatened, also predominantly occur on land or at the surface.
Several factors contribute to the rarity of underwater bites. The mechanics of venom delivery are more complex underwater due to water resistance, which can reduce its effectiveness and accuracy. Water moccasins are air-breathing, limiting the duration they can remain submerged for pursuit or struggle. Their instinct is to flee from perceived threats rather than to pursue or bite, especially underwater. Bites usually happen if a snake is accidentally stepped on or directly provoked while submerged.
Water Moccasin Behavior and Habitat
Water moccasins are native to the southeastern United States, inhabiting areas with abundant water sources like swamps, marshes, ponds, streams, and ditches. They are highly adapted to their semi-aquatic lifestyle, being strong swimmers and often seen basking on logs or branches near the water’s edge. Their diet includes fish, frogs, small mammals, birds, and other reptiles.
When threatened, water moccasins exhibit defensive displays before resorting to a bite. They may coil their bodies and vibrate their tails, especially in leaf litter. A characteristic display is gaping their mouth wide to reveal the stark white interior, which gives them the common name “cottonmouth.” This display warns potential threats, indicating the snake’s presence and discomfort, and attempts to avoid physical confrontation.
Staying Safe Around Water Moccasins
Being aware of surroundings is important in areas where water moccasins are present. Avoid walking through dense vegetation or murky water, where snakes may be hidden. Maintain a respectful distance from any snake, as they generally prefer to avoid human interaction. Never attempt to handle, provoke, or kill a snake, as most bites occur when individuals try to interact with them.
If a water moccasin is encountered, slowly back away and give the snake space to move away without feeling threatened. In the event of a bite, immediate medical attention is necessary. Keeping the bitten limb still and below heart level, and removing any jewelry or tight clothing from the affected area, can be helpful steps while awaiting professional medical care. Do not attempt to apply a tourniquet, cut the wound, or try to suck out venom.