A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common bacterial infection that can cause discomfort. For individuals who are breastfeeding, a natural concern arises regarding how such an infection might affect their milk supply or the safety of breast milk for their infant.
Understanding Urinary Tract Infections
A urinary tract infection occurs when bacteria enter and multiply within the urinary system, which includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. These infections are frequently caused by bacteria, most commonly Escherichia coli (E. coli), which typically reside in the digestive tract. Women are particularly susceptible to UTIs due to their shorter urethras, which allows bacteria easier access to the bladder.
Symptoms of a UTI can vary but often include a burning sensation or pain during urination, a frequent and urgent need to urinate, and cloudy or strong-smelling urine. Some individuals may also experience lower abdominal pain, back pain, or a fever and chills. If the infection spreads to the kidneys, more severe symptoms like fever and flank pain can occur.
How UTIs Can Impact Milk Supply
A urinary tract infection itself does not directly enter breast milk or inherently stop milk production. The potential impact on milk supply is indirect, stemming from the body’s systemic response to the infection and its associated symptoms. When the body is fighting an infection, a significant amount of energy is diverted to the immune response.
Fever, a common symptom of infection, can lead to dehydration if fluid intake is not adequately increased. Breast milk is predominantly water, and insufficient hydration can temporarily reduce milk volume. Therefore, maintaining fluid intake becomes important during any illness.
The fatigue and discomfort associated with a UTI can also increase stress levels. Stress can interfere with the release of oxytocin, a hormone essential for the milk ejection reflex, also known as let-down. When let-down is inhibited, milk may not flow as easily, potentially leading to a perceived or actual temporary decrease in milk availability.
Certain medications used to alleviate illness symptoms, particularly some oral decongestants, can also affect milk supply. For example, pseudoephedrine has been shown to reduce milk production. Therefore, it is generally recommended to avoid oral decongestants containing ingredients like pseudoephedrine or phenylephrine while breastfeeding, opting instead for nasal sprays or alternative remedies when possible.
Breast Milk Safety During a UTI
A common concern for breastfeeding parents is whether the infection can be transmitted to the baby through breast milk. Urinary tract infections are localized to the urinary system and are not typically passed through breast milk.
Continuing to breastfeed during a UTI is considered safe and is often encouraged. Breast milk contains antibodies and other protective factors that can help support the infant’s immune system. These components may even offer some protection against infections for the baby, including a reduced risk of urinary tract infections in breastfed infants.
Managing a UTI While Breastfeeding
If a breastfeeding parent suspects they have a urinary tract infection, seeking medical attention is advised. A healthcare provider can diagnose the infection and prescribe appropriate treatment, especially if symptoms persist, worsen, or include fever or back pain. Early treatment can prevent the infection from becoming more severe.
Most antibiotics commonly prescribed for UTIs are considered compatible with breastfeeding. Examples include amoxicillin, cefuroxime, nitrofurantoin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. It is important to inform the healthcare provider that you are breastfeeding so they can select the most suitable medication. Completing the entire course of antibiotics as prescribed is crucial to fully clear the infection.
To help maintain milk supply during illness, staying well-hydrated is essential. Drinking plenty of fluids, such as water, broths, and electrolyte-rich drinks, supports both recovery and milk production. Frequent nursing or pumping signals the body to continue producing milk, which is fundamental for maintaining supply. Adequate rest and proper nutrition also support the body’s recovery and milk-making capacity.