Uterine polyps are non-cancerous growths that develop on the inner lining of the uterus, known as the endometrium. These growths are typically soft, fleshy, and extend into the uterine cavity, representing an overgrowth of this tissue.
Understanding Uterine Polyps
Uterine polyps, also called endometrial polyps, originate from the tissue lining the uterus. They can appear as single growths or in clusters, varying in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters. These polyps are more frequently observed in women in their 40s and 50s, particularly during perimenopause and postmenopause.
While many individuals with uterine polyps experience no symptoms, the most common indication is abnormal vaginal bleeding. This can manifest as irregular bleeding between periods, unusually heavy menstrual flow, or any bleeding after menopause. In some cases, polyps may also contribute to difficulty conceiving. Most uterine polyps are benign, meaning they are not cancerous, though a small percentage (about 2.73%) can be precancerous or cancerous.
Addressing the “Burst” Concern
Uterine polyps are solid tissue growths, not fluid-filled sacs or cysts, so they do not “burst.” However, certain events can occur that might lead to a misconception of bursting due to their symptoms. The most frequent issue is bleeding, which happens because polyps contain fragile blood vessels. These vessels can bleed easily due to irritation or friction within the uterus, causing irregular spotting, bleeding between periods, or heavier menstrual flows.
In rarer instances, a pedunculated polyp, attached by a stalk, can twist on its stalk. This twisting, known as torsion, restricts the polyp’s blood supply, potentially leading to pain and tissue death (necrosis). A polyp, especially if degenerating or necrotic, may also become susceptible to secondary infection, causing additional discomfort.
Management and When to See a Doctor
It is advisable to seek medical attention if you experience new or persistent symptoms such as unusual vaginal bleeding, especially after menopause, significant pelvic pain, or abnormal discharge. These symptoms warrant evaluation to determine their cause and rule out other conditions.
Diagnosis typically involves imaging techniques like transvaginal ultrasound, sometimes enhanced by a saline infusion sonogram. Hysteroscopy, where a thin, lighted telescope is inserted into the uterus, is a definitive method for both diagnosis and often direct removal. An endometrial biopsy may also be performed to analyze tissue for abnormal cells.
Management options vary based on symptoms, polyp size, and cancer risk. For small, asymptomatic polyps, especially in premenopausal women, watchful waiting may be recommended, as some can resolve on their own. For symptomatic polyps or those raising concerns for malignancy, surgical removal through polypectomy is a common and effective treatment. Hormonal medications can sometimes help manage symptoms, but their effects are often temporary.