A toothache is pain or discomfort in or around a tooth, which can range from mild to severe and may be constant or intermittent. A fever is an elevated body temperature, the body’s defensive response to infection or inflammation. While a toothache itself does not directly cause a fever, the presence of both symptoms often indicates a more serious underlying dental issue, such as an infection.
How a Toothache Leads to Fever
The connection between a toothache and a fever often arises from a bacterial infection, most commonly a dental abscess. This occurs when bacteria invade the tooth’s innermost part, the pulp, containing nerves and blood vessels. Untreated issues like deep cavities, gum disease, or a chipped or cracked tooth can create pathways for these bacteria to enter.
As the bacterial infection progresses, it leads to inflammation and pus formation within the tooth or surrounding tissues. If untreated, the bacteria can spread beyond the tooth and enter the bloodstream. Once in the bloodstream, the body’s systemic immune response activates, causing a rise in body temperature. This systemic response manifests as a fever, indicating the infection has extended beyond the immediate tooth area.
Accompanying Symptoms of a Serious Tooth Infection
When a tooth infection is severe enough to cause a fever, it is often accompanied by other noticeable symptoms indicating bacterial spread. Localized swelling in the face, jaw, or neck is a common sign, including swollen lymph nodes. The affected area may appear red and feel warm to the touch due to inflammation.
A serious infection can also lead to the discharge of pus, resulting in a foul taste in the mouth or persistent bad breath. Individuals might experience intense, throbbing pain in the affected tooth or gum that can radiate to the ear, jaw, or neck. This pain can worsen when lying down or with pressure, making it difficult to chew or bite. In advanced cases, there may be difficulty opening the mouth fully or trouble swallowing, signaling a widespread infection.
When to Seek Urgent Dental Care
Prompt professional dental or medical attention is important if a toothache is accompanied by a fever, as this combination suggests a serious infection that could spread. Seek immediate care if the fever is high, over 100.4°F (38°C), or if there is significant facial swelling that appears to be spreading. Swelling that affects breathing or swallowing requires emergency medical intervention.
Other red flags include severe pain that does not improve with over-the-counter pain relievers, or a general feeling of being unwell, such as fatigue or dizziness. An untreated dental infection can lead to severe complications, including the spread of bacteria to the jawbone, soft tissues of the face and neck, and to distant parts of the body like the heart or brain. Addressing these symptoms without delay can prevent the infection from worsening and reduce the risk of serious health problems.