Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped structures located throughout the body, including the neck, armpits, and groin. They are part of the immune system, acting as filters for foreign substances like bacteria and viruses. When the body encounters a pathogen, these nodes can swell as part of the immune response.
This swelling indicates that immune cells are gathering and multiplying within the nodes to combat pathogens. The lymphatic system transports a fluid called lymph, which contains white blood cells. As lymph flows through the nodes, immune cells detect and destroy harmful substances. This localized swelling typically occurs near the site of an infection, often making the nodes tender.
STDs Commonly Associated with Swollen Lymph Nodes
Several sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) can cause lymph nodes to swell, often in specific patterns depending on the infection. The location of the swollen nodes can sometimes provide clues about the type of infection.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) can cause generalized swollen lymph nodes, especially in its early stages. This swelling can occur in the neck, armpits, or groin within days to weeks of exposure. In later stages, if the immune system weakens, opportunistic infections can also lead to swollen lymph nodes.
Syphilis, a bacterial infection, often leads to swollen lymph nodes in its primary and secondary stages. In primary syphilis, a painless sore (chancre) appears at the site of infection, accompanied by swollen lymph nodes, typically in the groin. During secondary syphilis, as the infection spreads, generalized swollen lymph nodes can occur alongside a rash, fever, and other systemic symptoms. The lymph nodes are firm and non-tender in the primary stage.
Genital herpes, caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV), commonly results in localized swollen lymph nodes in the groin. This swelling accompanies outbreaks of painful blisters or sores in the genital area. The lymph nodes may become tender.
Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV), caused by specific strains of Chlamydia trachomatis, is characterized by severe localized lymph node swelling. After an initial, often unnoticed, genital blister, painful and swollen lymph nodes (buboes) typically develop in the groin, pelvis, or rectum. These buboes can become large, tender, and may rupture and drain pus.
Chancroid, a bacterial STD, also causes localized and often very painful swollen lymph nodes in the groin. These swollen nodes can form buboes that may become tender and potentially drain pus if left untreated. Swelling usually appears days after the initial painful genital ulcers.
Gonorrhea and Chlamydia can occasionally cause localized lymph node swelling, though less prominently than other STDs. If swelling occurs, it typically affects the lymph nodes in the groin.
Other Potential Causes of Swollen Lymph Nodes
Swollen lymph nodes are not exclusively indicative of STDs, as many common conditions can also cause them. Infections are the most frequent cause of lymph node enlargement.
Viral infections like the common cold, flu, or mononucleosis often lead to swollen lymph nodes in the neck. Bacterial infections like strep throat or an ear infection can also cause localized swelling.
Skin infections, including cellulitis or abscesses, can result in swollen lymph nodes in the area draining the infected skin. A recent vaccination might also cause temporary swelling in nearby lymph nodes.
Some systemic conditions can also cause generalized lymph node swelling throughout the body. These include autoimmune diseases like lupus or rheumatoid arthritis. Rarely, swollen lymph nodes can be a sign of certain cancers, including lymphoma or leukemia, or indicate that cancer has spread.
When to Seek Medical Attention
Seek medical attention if swollen lymph nodes are a concern, especially when accompanied by certain characteristics or symptoms. See a healthcare professional if the swollen nodes persist for more than two to four weeks, or if they continue to grow. Nodes that feel hard, fixed in place, or rubbery, rather than soft and movable, also need evaluation.
Concerning symptoms include unexplained weight loss, fever, night sweats, or persistent fatigue. The presence of skin rashes, sores, or pain alongside swollen nodes also warrants assessment. Any concern about potential STD exposure should prompt a consultation. A doctor’s visit typically involves a physical examination, a review of medical history, and potentially blood tests or imaging scans.