It is a common question whether snakes can bite underwater, a concern for anyone enjoying aquatic environments. The reality of this phenomenon is often misunderstood. Understanding their capabilities, how to identify them, and what to do in an encounter can help clarify the actual risks involved.
How Snakes Bite Underwater
Snakes are physically capable of biting underwater, a feat enabled by their unique jaw structure. Unlike many other animals, a snake’s lower jaw is not fused at the chin; instead, it consists of two halves connected by an elastic ligament. This flexible connection allows the mandibles to move independently and spread widely, facilitating a strong grip and bite even when submerged. This adaptation is primarily for consuming prey, but it also serves effectively in self-defense.
Snakes also possess specialized respiratory systems that allow them to open their mouths underwater without inhaling water. Aquatic species, like sea snakes, can hold their breath for extended periods or absorb oxygen through their skin. While water resistance can slightly reduce a snake’s bite force, it remains sufficient to puncture skin and deliver venom if the snake is venomous.
Identifying Aquatic Snakes
Aquatic environments are home to various snake species. True sea snakes, found predominantly in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, are highly adapted to marine life. They have flattened, paddle-like tails for efficient swimming and rarely venture onto land. All true sea snakes are venomous but generally not aggressive unless provoked.
Freshwater environments in North America often host species like the cottonmouth, also known as the water moccasin, which is a venomous pit viper common in the southeastern United States. Cottonmouths are semi-aquatic and frequently bask on logs or vegetation near water, swimming with their bodies noticeably on the water’s surface. Another common freshwater snake is the non-venomous northern water snake, often mistaken for the cottonmouth due to similar habitat and appearance. While not dangerous in terms of venom, northern water snakes will bite if threatened and their mouths can carry bacteria.
Assessing the Danger
The danger posed by an underwater snake bite largely depends on whether the snake is venomous or non-venomous. Bites from non-venomous snakes, such as the northern water snake, typically result in puncture wounds that may bleed but cause minimal tissue damage. However, these bites can introduce bacteria, necessitating proper wound care to prevent infection. When it comes to venomous species, the implications are more severe.
Venomous snakes, including sea snakes and cottonmouths, can deliver potent venom that affects the nervous system or causes tissue damage. Not every bite from a venomous snake results in envenomation; some may deliver “dry bites” without injecting venom. The severity of a venomous bite is influenced by factors such as the snake species, the amount of venom injected, and the location of the bite. Most snake bites, whether venomous or not, occur when the snake feels threatened, is accidentally stepped on, or is intentionally handled.
Prevention and First Aid
To minimize the risk of an underwater snake bite, adopt cautious behaviors in aquatic environments. Avoid swimming or wading in murky water where snakes might be present and difficult to spot. Never attempt to disturb, handle, or provoke any snake, whether on land or in water, as most bites occur under such circumstances. If you encounter a snake in the water, the safest course of action is to give it ample space and allow it to move away undisturbed.
In the event of an underwater snake bite, immediate and calm action is important. The priority is to exit the water and seek professional medical attention without delay. While waiting for medical help, avoid common misconceptions about first aid for snake bites. Do not attempt to cut the wound, apply a tourniquet, or try to suck out the venom, as these actions can cause more harm than good. Promptly getting to a medical facility ensures proper treatment.