A small cavity can cause pain, even if it appears minor. A cavity is a hole or area of tooth decay on the tooth’s surface. Pain is not always directly related to the physical size of this hole, but rather how deep the decay has progressed into the tooth’s layers.
How Cavities Cause Pain
The tooth has three main layers: the outermost enamel, the dentin beneath it, and the innermost pulp. Enamel, the body’s hardest substance, acts as a protective shield. Acids from bacteria consuming sugars erode enamel, creating an opening.
Once decay penetrates enamel, it reaches the dentin, a softer layer with microscopic tubules connecting to the pulp. Dentin is more vulnerable to decay, accelerating its progression. Exposure of dentin tubules to stimuli like hot, cold, or sweet foods can trigger sensitivity or pain. If decay continues into the pulp, where nerves and blood vessels are located, it can cause inflammation (pulpitis) and intense, persistent pain as swelling presses on the nerves within the tooth.
Recognizing the Signs
Even small cavities not causing constant pain can show signs. A common symptom is sensitivity, ranging from mild to sharp pain when consuming hot, cold, or sweet foods or drinks. This sensitivity may be fleeting or linger.
Other indicators include mild to sharp pain when biting down. Visible changes on the tooth surface, such as small holes, pits, or discolorations like white, brown, or black spots, also point to decay. Persistent bad breath or an unpleasant taste may also be present.
Addressing a Suspected Cavity
If you suspect a cavity, seek professional dental evaluation, regardless of pain. Dentists diagnose cavities through visual examination, checking for soft spots or discolorations, and dental X-rays that reveal decay not visible to the eye. Prompt treatment prevents further damage.
For small cavities, treatment often involves fillings, where decayed material is removed and the tooth restored. In early stages, fluoride treatments can help remineralize enamel and reverse decay.
Delaying treatment allows the cavity to grow, potentially leading to increased pain, infection, or complex procedures like root canals or tooth extraction. Maintaining good oral hygiene, including regular brushing and flossing, and routine dental check-ups are the best defenses against cavities.