Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a common respiratory virus infecting the lungs and airways, frequently causing illness in children. Pediatricians often test for RSV, especially when symptoms suggest a more serious infection.
When a Pediatrician Considers Testing
A pediatrician considers RSV testing when a child exhibits specific symptoms or possesses certain risk factors. Common symptoms prompting testing include a runny nose, coughing, sneezing, wheezing, and fever. Difficulty breathing, such as rapid breathing, flaring nostrils, or visible effort in the chest, also signals a need for evaluation.
Testing is more likely for particular patient populations due to their increased vulnerability to severe illness. Infants, especially those under six months, are at higher risk. Premature babies and children with underlying heart or lung conditions, or weakened immune systems, are also susceptible to serious RSV complications. For healthy, older children with mild cold-like symptoms, testing is often unnecessary, as treatment remains supportive regardless of the viral cause.
How RSV is Tested
Pediatricians primarily use fluid samples from the nose to test for RSV. The most common collection methods involve a nasal aspirate or wash, where a saline solution is inserted into the nose and then gently suctioned out. Nasal swabs can also be used.
Once collected, samples are analyzed using one of two main types of tests. Rapid antigen tests detect specific proteins from the RSV virus, providing quick results, often within an hour. These tests are sensitive in infants and young children.
The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test is the other common method, looking for the virus’s genetic material. PCR tests are more accurate and sensitive, capable of detecting smaller amounts of the virus, but require samples to be sent to a laboratory, meaning results take longer. Samples are best collected during the initial days of symptoms for optimal accuracy.
Interpreting Results and Next Steps
A positive RSV test confirms the virus’s presence. For most children, managing RSV involves supportive care aimed at easing symptoms. This includes ensuring the child stays well-hydrated, managing fever with appropriate over-the-counter medications, and clearing nasal congestion using saline drops and suctioning.
Hospitalization may be necessary if a child develops severe symptoms, such as significant breathing difficulties, signs of dehydration, or periods of not breathing, especially in very young infants. Hospital care might involve providing oxygen, intravenous fluids, or mechanical ventilation to assist breathing. If an RSV test is negative, the virus was not detected, but other respiratory viruses could still be causing symptoms, and supportive care remains important.
Reducing RSV Risk
Several practical measures reduce the risk of RSV transmission. Frequent and thorough handwashing with soap and water prevents the virus’s spread. Regularly cleaning and disinfecting surfaces, including toys, also helps eliminate viral particles.
Avoiding close contact with sick individuals protects vulnerable children. When coughing or sneezing, cover the mouth and nose to contain respiratory droplets. For infants, particularly those at higher risk, limiting exposure to crowded environments during RSV season decreases the chance of infection.