A night guard is an oral appliance worn over the teeth to prevent damage caused by bruxism, the grinding or clenching of the teeth. This device acts as a protective barrier, absorbing intense forces to preserve tooth structure and alleviate jaw joint stress. While night guards are generally safe for protecting teeth, dental harm can occur. Risks are almost always linked to an improper fit, incorrect design, or poor maintenance, rather than the device itself.
Mechanisms of Dental Damage from Night Guards
Dental damage often stems from the mechanical interaction between an ill-fitting appliance and the teeth. A guard that does not precisely match the dental arch can exert uneven pressure, mimicking an orthodontic appliance. This constant, misdirected force can cause teeth to gradually shift or rotate, potentially leading to misalignment or changes in the overall bite.
The occlusal surface, which contacts the opposing teeth, is also a factor. If this surface is incorrectly crafted or wears unevenly, it can alter the resting position of the jaw. This change in how the upper and lower teeth meet, known as occlusal instability, can place strain on the temporomandibular joints (TMJ), causing new or worsening jaw discomfort.
An appliance that extends too far onto the gums or is too bulky can lead to soft tissue irritation. Pressure on the gums can cause localized inflammation, potentially contributing to gum recession over prolonged use. A properly designed night guard should only cover the teeth and avoid the gum line to prevent this mechanical irritation.
Material quality and hygiene also contribute to potential harm. Low-quality or older guards can degrade, creating rough edges that irritate soft tissues, or they can become breeding grounds for bacteria and fungi. A lack of consistent cleaning turns the guard into a reservoir for microorganisms, increasing the risk of gum inflammation, infections, and tooth decay.
Recognizing Warning Signs and Symptoms
Users should be vigilant for signs that their night guard may be causing problems. Persistent pain in the jaw muscles or joints, especially upon waking, indicates the device’s design or fit is not supporting proper jaw alignment. While minor initial discomfort is common during adjustment, pain that continues beyond a few weeks warrants immediate professional evaluation.
A noticeable change in how the teeth come together when the guard is removed is a key symptom. This includes an uneven bite, new gaps between teeth, or difficulty biting with the front teeth. Such symptoms suggest the appliance is causing undesirable tooth movement or changes in the jaw’s resting position.
Swelling, redness, or bleeding of the gums where the night guard touches the tissue indicates irritation. If the gums appear to be pulling away from the teeth, this may indicate recession caused by friction or pressure from the device. Any persistent or worsening headaches that begin or intensify after starting night guard use should also be viewed as a potential side effect.
If any warning signs are observed, the user should immediately consult with their dental professional. Continuing to use a device that causes pain or noticeable changes can lead to significant, long-term dental problems. A dentist can inspect the fit, adjust the appliance, or recommend a different type of guard.
Ensuring Safe and Effective Night Guard Use
The most effective way to prevent damage is by using a custom-made night guard provided by a dentist. A professionally fabricated appliance is created from a teeth impression, ensuring a precise fit that distributes pressure evenly and maintains the correct occlusal relationship. This customization minimizes the risk of unwanted tooth movement and bite changes associated with generic guards.
Once a guard is in use, proper maintenance is required. The appliance should be cleaned daily with a toothbrush and mild soap or a specialized cleaner to prevent the accumulation of bacteria, plaque, and fungi. Avoiding abrasive products like toothpaste is important, as they can scratch the material, creating grooves where bacteria can thrive and degradation can accelerate.
Regular dental check-ups are required for safe night guard use. The guard should be brought to every appointment so the dentist can inspect it for signs of wear, such as thinning or holes, and check the fit against the current alignment of the teeth. Since teeth naturally shift, a guard may require adjustment or replacement to ensure it continues to function effectively without causing harm.