A urinary tract infection (UTI) occurs when bacteria enter and multiply within the urinary system, which includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. While often associated with women, UTIs are common bacterial infections that can affect anyone. They can cause discomfort and, if left unaddressed, may lead to more serious health concerns.
Understanding Male UTIs
Men can develop urinary tract infections, though they are less common than in women due to anatomical differences. The male urethra, which carries urine out of the body, is significantly longer than the female urethra, providing a more substantial barrier against bacteria ascending into the bladder. This longer distance makes it challenging to reach and infect the bladder.
When UTIs occur in men, particularly younger individuals, they can indicate an underlying issue within the urinary tract. In older men, an enlarged prostate commonly impedes urine flow, creating an environment for bacterial multiplication. Kidney stones, diabetes, or a weakened immune system can also increase susceptibility.
Sexual Activity and Transmission Risk
Sexual activity can contribute to UTIs in men, not as a sexually transmitted infection (STI), but through bacterial transfer. Most UTIs are caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria, naturally residing in the gastrointestinal tract and around the anus. During intercourse, these bacteria can be inadvertently introduced into the male urethra.
Bacterial transfer occurs through direct contact during intercourse, especially with suboptimal hygiene. Vigorous sexual activity can also mechanically push bacteria into the urethra, increasing infection risk.
Other sexual factors can elevate risk. Anal intercourse, for instance, can introduce E. coli more directly to the perianal area and potentially the urethra. Evidence suggests that E. coli causing UTIs can be transmitted between sexual partners.
Symptoms and Seeking Care
Men with a UTI may experience a range of symptoms, with pain or burning during urination (dysuria) being a common complaint. Other indicators include a frequent or urgent need to urinate, even when the bladder is not full, cloudy or strong-smelling urine, and sometimes blood in the urine.
Lower abdominal or pelvic pain may also be present. More severe cases can involve pain in the side or upper back, fever, chills, nausea, or vomiting, suggesting a kidney infection.
Men should seek medical attention promptly if these symptoms appear. Untreated UTIs can lead to more serious complications like kidney infections or sepsis, and may indicate underlying health conditions. A doctor can confirm a UTI through a urine test and determine appropriate treatment.
Reducing the Risk
Several practical measures can help men minimize their risk of developing a UTI, particularly concerning sexual activity. Maintaining good hygiene around the genital area is important; daily cleaning with mild soap and water helps reduce bacterial presence.
Adequate hydration is also important, as drinking plenty of water helps flush bacteria from the urinary tract. Urinating promptly after sexual intercourse is recommended, as this helps expel any bacteria that may have entered the urethra. Avoiding spermicidal lubricants can also be beneficial, as some evidence suggests they may contribute to bacterial growth or irritation.