Flu infection during pregnancy can raise concerns about potential effects like miscarriage. This article provides evidence-based information and guidance on managing flu during pregnancy.
Understanding Flu and Miscarriage
Influenza, or flu, is a contagious respiratory illness caused by viruses. It spreads through droplets released when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. Symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, headache, and fatigue. While most recover within a week, flu can lead to serious complications.
A miscarriage is the spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before 20 weeks, with most occurring in the first trimester. Chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus are the most frequent cause, accounting for about 50% of first-trimester miscarriages. These genetic issues usually occur by chance and are generally not linked to external factors like infections.
How Flu Infection Can Impact Pregnancy
While many factors contribute to miscarriage, a severe flu infection can increase the risk. Pregnant individuals are more susceptible to severe flu complications because pregnancy naturally alters the immune system, heart, and lung function. Studies indicate flu during pregnancy can heighten the risk of pregnancy loss, particularly after 13 weeks gestation, and may affect birth weight.
A primary concern is high fever, especially during the first trimester. Sustained high fevers, regardless of their cause, can pose risks to a developing fetus and have been associated with certain birth defects. Severe flu infections can trigger a systemic inflammatory response. This widespread inflammation and potential dehydration can stress the pregnant body, contributing to adverse pregnancy outcomes. While severe flu raises the risk, mild to moderate cases are less likely to directly cause a miscarriage compared to other common factors.
Preventive Measures and Managing Flu During Pregnancy
Vaccination is the most effective preventive measure against flu during pregnancy. The flu vaccine is highly recommended for pregnant individuals in any trimester, as it is safe and protects both mother and newborn. Antibodies pass to the baby through the placenta, providing protection for the first several months after birth when infants are too young to be vaccinated. Studies show the flu vaccine does not increase miscarriage risk.
Practicing good hygiene also prevents flu transmission. This includes frequent handwashing with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially after being in public or touching shared surfaces. Avoiding close contact with sick individuals and covering coughs and sneezes are also important steps.
If flu symptoms develop during pregnancy, contact a healthcare provider promptly for assessment and potential treatment. Antiviral medications, such as oseltamivir, can be prescribed by a doctor for pregnant individuals with flu. These medications are most effective when started within one to two days of symptom onset, lessening the severity and duration of the illness. Supportive care, including rest, adequate hydration, and fever management with acetaminophen under a doctor’s guidance, can also alleviate symptoms.