Tooth discoloration happens when the color of the tooth changes due to factors originating either on the surface or from within the tooth structure. Fortunately, modern dentistry offers a variety of effective, professional solutions to address virtually every type of stain. A dentist can accurately diagnose the cause of the discoloration and recommend a targeted treatment plan to restore a brighter, more uniform appearance.
Understanding the Two Main Types of Tooth Stains
The success of any stain correction procedure depends on identifying the stain’s origin, which is categorized as either external or internal. External discoloration, known as extrinsic staining, occurs on the outer layer of the tooth (enamel). These stains result from the accumulation of pigmented compounds (chromogens) found in foods, drinks like coffee, tea, and red wine, and tobacco use. Extrinsic stains can often be managed with consistent oral hygiene and regular professional cleanings.
In contrast, internal discoloration, or intrinsic staining, is located deep within the tooth structure, specifically in the dentin layer beneath the enamel. Intrinsic causes include dental trauma, where blood pigments penetrate the tooth, or the use of certain antibiotics like tetracycline during tooth development. The natural aging process also contributes as the enamel thins, allowing the underlying, naturally yellow dentin to show through. Excessive fluoride exposure during childhood can cause fluorosis, which manifests as white, brown, or mottled spots. Intrinsic stains are generally more challenging to correct and require treatments that penetrate the enamel or physically cover the tooth surface.
Professional Options for Correcting Discoloration
For stains that originate on the surface or are mild internal discolorations, professional teeth whitening is the most common and effective procedure. This process uses bleaching agents, typically hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide, which penetrate the enamel and dentin. The peroxide breaks down into oxygen molecules that react with the pigmented compounds, effectively neutralizing the color molecules and lightening the shade of the tooth.
Dentists offer in-office power bleaching, which uses a high concentration of gel activated by a light source, to achieve rapid results in a single appointment. Alternatively, professional take-home kits with custom-fitted trays allow for a more gradual, controlled whitening over several weeks. While effective for most extrinsic and age-related intrinsic stains, this method may not fully resolve severe discoloration, such as dark gray tetracycline stains.
Dental Bonding
For localized stains or minor imperfections, dental bonding provides a minimally invasive solution. This technique involves applying a tooth-colored composite resin directly to the tooth surface to mask the discoloration. The resin is hardened with a special curing light and polished to blend seamlessly with the surrounding tooth structure. Bonding is often chosen for its quick, single-visit application and its ability to correct specific spots that resist bleaching.
Microabrasion
Microabrasion is a targeted technique used to remove superficial intrinsic and extrinsic stains, especially those caused by fluorosis or developmental defects. The procedure involves applying a paste containing a mild acid and abrasive particles to the enamel surface. This gently removes a microscopic layer of the outer enamel, eliminating the discolored spots and revealing a more uniform layer beneath.
Veneers and Crowns
In cases of severe intrinsic discoloration where bleaching is ineffective, or when the tooth has significant structural damage, veneers and crowns are utilized. Veneers are thin, custom-made shells, often porcelain, that are bonded to the front surface of the tooth to completely cover the stain. Crowns are full-coverage caps placed over the entire tooth, typically reserved for teeth that are severely discolored or damaged. Both offer a permanent solution to color issues and are highly resistant to future staining.
Maintaining a Brighter Smile
Long-term maintenance is necessary to prevent the recurrence of stains after treatment. A consistent and meticulous oral hygiene routine is foundational to preserving the results, including brushing twice daily and flossing once daily to remove plaque. Regular checkups and professional cleanings are also important, as the hygienist can mechanically remove extrinsic stains before they become entrenched.
Attention to dietary choices is also crucial. Limiting the consumption of highly pigmented food and drinks significantly reduces the introduction of new chromogens to the enamel.
- Limit consumption of highly pigmented foods and drinks, such as coffee, tea, red wine, and dark berries.
- Use a straw when consuming staining beverages to minimize contact with the front teeth.
- Rinse the mouth with water immediately after consuming staining items to wash away pigmented residue.