Dental cleanings are a routine and generally safe procedure performed to maintain oral health by removing plaque and tartar. While highly effective in preventing dental issues, there is a low possibility of developing an infection following a cleaning. This risk is small when proper precautions are observed. Understanding how infections can occur, who is susceptible, and how to prevent and address potential issues helps ensure a smooth experience.
How Infections Can Occur
During a dental cleaning, removing plaque and tartar can cause minor gum irritation or bleeding. This allows oral bacteria to enter the bloodstream, a phenomenon known as transient bacteremia. While the incidence of bacteremia after dental cleaning can range from 15% to 100%, the body’s immune system typically clears these bacteria quickly, often within minutes to hours.
Despite the body’s natural defenses, if dental instruments are not adequately sterilized or handled properly, harmful bacteria can be introduced. Aggressive cleaning or pre-existing gum disease can also create minor cuts, allowing bacteria entry. This transient presence of oral bacteria in the bloodstream usually poses no threat to healthy individuals, but it can be a concern for those with certain underlying conditions.
Who Is Most Susceptible?
Certain medical conditions can increase susceptibility to infection after a dental cleaning. Individuals with specific heart conditions, such as prosthetic heart valves or a history of infective endocarditis, are at higher risk. Bacteria entering the bloodstream could settle on damaged heart valves, leading to a serious infection. While less common now, patients with artificial joints were historically a concern, though current guidelines for antibiotic prophylaxis in these cases have largely shifted.
Those with compromised immune systems also face a heightened risk. This includes patients undergoing chemotherapy, those with autoimmune diseases like lupus, or individuals with uncontrolled diabetes. Their reduced ability to fight bacteria makes them more vulnerable to infections. Pre-existing gum disease can further increase susceptibility, as the oral microbiome is already disrupted.
Preventing Infection
Preventing infection involves measures by both dental professionals and patients. Dental clinics adhere to strict sterilization protocols for instruments and maintain a clean environment to minimize bacterial contamination. This includes heat sterilization for reusable tools and proper disposal of single-use items.
Patients provide a complete medical history to their dentist, especially if they have conditions that increase infection risk. In some instances, a physician might recommend antibiotics before a dental cleaning as a preventive measure, known as antibiotic prophylaxis. Maintaining good oral hygiene, such as regular brushing, flossing, and using antiseptic mouthwash, can significantly reduce the bacterial load in the mouth, lowering the risk of infection.
Recognizing and Addressing Infection
While rare, be aware of signs indicating an infection after a dental cleaning. Persistent or worsening pain and swelling in the gums, jaw, or face are important indicators. Other symptoms include:
Continuous bleeding that does not subside.
A foul taste in the mouth.
Bad breath that does not improve with hygiene.
Pus or unusual discharge from the treated area.
A low-grade fever or general malaise and fatigue can also signal a spreading infection. If any of these symptoms appear or worsen, especially with a high fever or difficulty swallowing or breathing, contact a dentist or medical professional promptly. Early evaluation and treatment, which might include antibiotics, can prevent complications and ensure proper resolution.