A cyst is a common bodily formation, typically a sac-like pocket of membranous tissue that contains fluid, air, or other substances. These growths can develop almost anywhere in the body, including under the skin or within organs. While they can vary significantly in size, most cysts are benign, meaning they are not cancerous. Cysts are distinct from normal tissue and have a defined wall, differentiating them from abscesses, which are collections of pus from an infection.
Common Types of Cysts
Cysts vary widely in type, location, and characteristics. Epidermoid cysts are frequently found on the face, neck, or torso, often containing keratin and appearing as flesh-colored or yellowish bumps. Sebaceous cysts, another common type, arise when sebaceous glands become blocked, leading to trapped sebum, often on the face, neck, and torso.
Breast cysts are fluid-filled sacs within the breast tissue; any new breast lump should be evaluated by a healthcare professional. Ganglion cysts are small, benign lumps forming on or near joints or tendons, commonly on wrists or hands. Ovarian cysts are common in individuals with regular menstrual cycles, forming in or on the ovaries, though most are benign and resolve without treatment. Pilonidal cysts are found in the cleft at the top of the buttocks and can become infected.
The Relationship Between Cysts and Cancer
The idea of a cyst “turning into” cancer is largely a misconception; true cysts rarely transform into cancerous growths. However, the relationship between cysts and cancer is nuanced. What appears to be a cyst might actually be a solid tumor that has undergone cystic degeneration, where parts of the tumor have broken down and formed fluid-filled areas. Conversely, a tumor can also have a cystic component, containing fluid-filled sacs within a solid mass.
For certain types of cysts, cancerous cells can develop within their lining or fluid. This is a malignant process occurring within a specific cyst type, not the cyst itself changing into cancer. For example, some ovarian cysts, particularly pathological ones or those in postmenopausal women, may have a slightly higher risk of malignancy. Similarly, certain pancreatic cysts, like intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) and mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCNs), are considered precancerous lesions that may progress to adenocarcinoma.
Recognizing Concerning Signs
Certain signs warrant medical attention. Rapid changes in a cyst’s size, shape, or color are concerning and should be evaluated by a doctor. Pain, tenderness, or inflammation around the cyst, particularly if worsening or persistent, also warrants assessment. Redness or warmth in the surrounding area can suggest infection or inflammation.
Discharge, especially if yellowish, green, or foul-smelling, may signal an infection within the cyst. If a cyst ruptures or splits open, it requires medical attention due to infection risk. Symptoms like persistent bloating, irregular periods, or pain during intercourse can also be warning signs, especially with internal cysts like ovarian cysts. These symptoms require medical evaluation to determine the cause and management.
When to Consult a Doctor
Any new, growing, or concerning lump should be evaluated by a healthcare professional, especially if it causes persistent pain, discomfort, or interferes with daily activities. A doctor can diagnose the cyst through physical examination and may recommend imaging tests like ultrasound, MRI, or CT scans to visualize its internal structure.
In some cases, a biopsy, involving a tissue sample for microscopic examination, may be necessary to determine if it contains abnormal or cancerous cells. A medical professional provides definitive diagnosis and recommends appropriate action, such as observation, drainage, medication, or surgical removal. Timely evaluation ensures proper management of any cyst.