A common cold can indeed cause a temporary increase in blood sugar levels, even in individuals who do not have diabetes. This physiological response is part of the body’s natural defense mechanisms, mobilizing resources to combat the infection.
The Body’s Response to Illness
When a person contracts an infection like a common cold, the body initiates an immune response. This triggers the release of stress hormones, including cortisol, adrenaline (epinephrine), and glucagon. These hormones are part of the “fight or flight” system, preparing the body to deal with illness. Their release is crucial for providing the energy needed to support immune cell function and overall recovery.
Why Blood Sugar Levels Increase
The stress hormones released during illness directly influence blood glucose regulation. Cortisol, often called the “stress hormone,” promotes the liver’s production of new glucose and the breakdown of stored glucose. Adrenaline and glucagon also stimulate the liver to release more glucose into the bloodstream.
These stress hormones can also induce temporary insulin resistance. This means the body’s cells become less responsive to insulin, the hormone responsible for transporting glucose from the blood into cells for energy. As a result, glucose remains in the bloodstream, leading to elevated blood sugar levels. This temporary rise ensures the immune system and other vital organs have an ample supply of energy to combat the infection.
Managing Blood Sugar During Illness
For non-diabetics experiencing a cold, several supportive measures can help manage the illness and its potential impact on blood sugar. Staying well-hydrated by drinking plenty of water or sugar-free fluids is important, as dehydration can also contribute to higher blood sugar levels. Adequate rest supports the body’s immune response and recovery. Eating nutritious foods, even if appetite is reduced, helps maintain energy levels; avoiding excessive sugary foods and drinks is advisable.
Gentle physical activity, such as a short walk, can also help improve insulin sensitivity as recovery progresses. While monitoring blood sugar is not typically necessary for non-diabetics with a cold, focusing on these general health practices can aid in a smoother recovery.
When to Be Concerned
While a temporary increase in blood sugar during a cold is common, certain signs warrant medical attention. Persistent high blood sugar levels that do not return to normal after the cold resolves could indicate an underlying issue. Symptoms such as increased thirst, frequent urination, unexplained weight loss, or blurred vision are indicators of elevated blood sugar that should be evaluated by a healthcare professional.
Other concerning symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, or a fruity odor on the breath. These could signal a more serious condition, such as diabetic ketoacidosis. If high blood sugar symptoms persist or worsen after the cold has passed, consulting a doctor is important to rule out conditions like prediabetes or type 2 diabetes.