The sudden appearance of blood during a respiratory infection can be alarming, but a cold can indeed cause a bloody nose. The medical term for a nosebleed is epistaxis, and it is a common event when the nasal lining is irritated or inflamed. Most nosebleeds are not serious and originate in the front part of the nose, making them manageable at home. This occurrence is directly tied to the changes that happen inside your nose when you are sick.
The Direct Connection: How Colds Lead to Nosebleeds
A common cold creates an environment that makes the delicate blood vessels susceptible to rupture. The primary site for most nosebleeds is a network of blood vessels on the nasal septum called Kiesselbach’s plexus. This location is where several arteries converge close to the surface, making it vulnerable to trauma or irritation.
When you have a cold, the nasal passages become inflamed, causing tissues to swell and tiny capillaries to become engorged with blood. This inflammation thins the protective mucosal layer, exposing the fragile blood vessels. The increased pressure and proximity to the surface mean that even minor stress can cause a bleed.
Frequent and forceful nose blowing puts direct mechanical pressure on the already-sensitized vessels. The act of blowing sharply can physically tear the delicate lining, leading to an anterior nosebleed. Dry air, especially from indoor heating, can also dehydrate the nasal lining, causing it to crack and crust and trigger bleeding.
Simple Steps to Stop a Nosebleed
If a nosebleed occurs, remain calm, as anxiety can increase blood pressure and worsen the flow. Immediately sit down and lean slightly forward. This position prevents blood from draining down the back of your throat, which can cause nausea or vomiting.
Next, use your thumb and index finger to firmly pinch the soft, fleshy part of your nose just above the nostrils. Pinching the bony bridge is not effective, as the bleeding site is lower. Maintain this constant, firm pressure for 10 to 15 minutes, breathing steadily through your mouth. Do not release the pressure to check for bleeding before the time has passed, as this can dislodge a developing clot.
Preventing Recurrence and When to Seek Help
After the bleeding has stopped, avoid actions that could restart the flow, such as blowing the nose, bending over, or engaging in strenuous activity for several hours. To prevent future episodes, focus on keeping the nasal passages moist, especially while you have a cold. Using a saline nasal spray or drops two to three times daily helps maintain the hydration of the delicate lining.
A humidifier, particularly one placed in your bedroom overnight, can increase the moisture content of the air you breathe, counteracting the drying effects of cold air or indoor heating. Applying a small amount of petroleum jelly or a specialized nasal moisturizing gel to the inside of the nostrils with a cotton swab can also protect the nasal septum. When clearing your nose, always blow gently to minimize trauma to the blood vessels.
Though most nosebleeds are minor, certain signs indicate the need for prompt medical attention. Seek emergency care if the bleeding does not stop after applying pressure for a total of 20 minutes. Other concerning signs include excessively heavy or rapid blood loss, feeling faint or dizzy, or if the nosebleed follows a significant head injury. Frequent nosebleeds, or those that occur despite preventative measures, should be discussed with a healthcare provider to rule out other underlying causes.