A chipped tooth can result in sensitivity, typically experienced as a sharp, brief pain in response to external triggers. This discomfort signals that the protective layers of the tooth have been compromised, allowing stimuli to reach the underlying nerve tissue. The severity of the sensitivity is directly related to the depth of the chip. Addressing a chipped tooth promptly is important to prevent further complications.
The Anatomical Link: How Damage Exposes Nerves
A healthy tooth is covered by enamel, which acts as a shield for the tooth’s interior. Beneath the enamel lies the dentin, which makes up the bulk of the tooth structure. The dentin contains millions of microscopic channels called dentinal tubules, which extend outward from the central pulp chamber.
The pulp chamber houses the nerves and blood vessels. When a chip occurs, it bypasses the protective enamel and exposes the underlying dentin layer, leaving the dentinal tubules vulnerable to the external environment.
Sensitivity occurs through the hydrodynamic theory. Changes in temperature, such as drinking cold water or hot coffee, cause the fluid inside these exposed dentinal tubules to move rapidly. This fluid movement creates pressure changes that stimulate the nerve endings.
The stimulated nerves register this mechanical change as a sudden, sharp pain, which is the characteristic feeling of tooth sensitivity. The movement of this internal fluid is the direct link between the physical chip and the nerve’s pain response.
Recognizing Different Levels of Damage
The intensity of sensitivity provides clues about the extent of the tooth damage. A minor chip involves only the outer enamel layer. These shallow defects may cause fleeting, transient sensitivity, usually only to cold air or beverages, or may cause no sensitivity at all.
When the damage is moderate, breaching the enamel and exposing a significant portion of the dentin, the sensitivity becomes more intense and persistent. Hot, cold, and sweet substances can all trigger a noticeable, temporary jolt of pain.
The most concerning level of damage is a deep fracture that extends into the pulp chamber. This trauma can cause spontaneous, lingering, or throbbing pain. Lingering pain signals that the pulp tissue has become inflamed or infected, requiring immediate attention.
Necessary Steps for Repair
If a tooth is chipped and causing sensitivity, avoid extreme temperatures and sweet or acidic foods that trigger pain. Over-the-counter pain relievers can manage discomfort until professional treatment is sought. Covering sharp edges with orthodontic wax protects the tongue and cheek tissue.
Treatment Options Based on Damage
Treatment depends on the depth of the damage. Minor chips affecting the enamel or superficial dentin are often corrected with dental bonding, which involves applying and shaping a tooth-colored composite resin to restore the contour.
If the chip is larger but the pulp remains healthy, a filling or a crown may be necessary. A crown is a cap that covers the entire visible portion of the tooth and is used for extensive chips that compromise structural integrity.
If the deep fracture has reached the pulp and caused irreversible inflammation or infection, a root canal procedure is performed. This treatment removes the damaged nerve and pulp tissue to eliminate the infection and save the tooth before it is permanently restored with a crown.