Bee stings often cause localized pain, redness, and swelling. While these reactions are minor and resolve on their own, a less common but more serious complication can arise: cellulitis. A bee sting can lead to cellulitis as a secondary bacterial infection at the sting site, not directly from the venom. This happens when bacteria enter the broken skin, causing a spreading infection.
Understanding Cellulitis
Cellulitis is a common bacterial infection affecting the deeper layers of the skin. It can develop anywhere on the body, often appearing on the lower legs or in areas where the skin has been damaged. This infection requires prompt medical attention and antibiotic treatment to prevent severe complications.
The infection occurs when bacteria, most commonly Streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus, enter the skin through a break or wound. While these bacteria normally reside harmlessly on the skin’s surface, they can cause infection once they penetrate deeper layers. The affected skin appears red, swollen, and feels warm and tender to the touch.
Bee Stings and Cellulitis Development
The venom injected during a bee sting does not directly cause cellulitis. Instead, the sting creates a puncture wound in the skin, providing an entry point for bacteria. This break allows bacteria, such as Staphylococcus or Streptococcus species, to enter the deeper tissues and multiply.
Secondary bacterial infection can occur through various means, such as scratching the sting site with unwashed hands or improper wound care after stinger removal. Factors that may increase the risk of developing cellulitis after a bee sting include a weakened immune system, pre-existing skin conditions like eczema or psoriasis, or poor circulation. The infection can be delayed, with symptoms appearing days or even weeks after the initial sting.
Identifying and Managing Cellulitis
Distinguishing cellulitis from a typical bee sting reaction is important. While normal sting reactions include localized redness, swelling, and pain, cellulitis presents with more widespread and worsening symptoms. Key signs of cellulitis include rapidly spreading redness, warmth, increasing tenderness or pain, and noticeable swelling around the sting site. The affected skin may also appear shiny or stretched, and blisters can form.
Systemic symptoms, indicating the infection is spreading, may include fever, chills, fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes near the affected area. If any of these signs develop, especially rapidly worsening redness or the onset of fever, immediate medical attention is necessary. Cellulitis is treated with antibiotics, a 5 to 10-day course of oral medication, such as cephalexin or amoxicillin-clavulanate. In severe cases or if oral antibiotics are ineffective, intravenous antibiotics may be required, necessitating hospitalization.