A bulging wall refers to an area that protrudes outwards from its original flat plane. These irregularities can be concerning, as they often indicate underlying issues ranging from minor cosmetic imperfections to significant structural compromises. A closer examination is typically needed to understand the cause.
Causes of Bulging Walls
Structural issues are a primary cause, placing stress on the wall’s integrity. Foundation settlement, where the ground shifts unevenly, can lead to uneven settling, causing walls to deform under pressure. Similarly, shifting loads within the building, perhaps due to alterations or excessive weight, can redistribute forces, leading to localized bulging in supporting walls.
Water damage is another common cause, as moisture weakens wall materials or causes them to expand. Leaks from plumbing, a compromised roof, or exterior water intrusion can saturate drywall, plaster, or wood, leading to swelling and deformation. In basements, hydrostatic pressure from saturated soil can push inward on foundation walls, causing them to bow or bulge.
Material degradation or improper installation methods also cause bulging. Older plaster and lath construction can bulge when plaster detaches from lath strips, often due to age or moisture exposure. Modern drywall can bulge from improper installation or moisture absorption. Temperature fluctuations can also cause wall materials to expand and contract, leading to delamination or buckling over many cycles.
External forces or internal pressure can also cause wall bulges. An impact from a vehicle or falling debris on an exterior wall can cause localized damage and protrusion. Internally, pressure from an overloaded storage area pushing against a non-load-bearing wall, can lead to noticeable deformation.
Identifying the Severity of Wall Bulges
Assessing a wall bulge helps determine if it is a minor aesthetic concern or a serious underlying problem. The bulge’s shape provides clues; a gentle curve might suggest material expansion or minor settling, while a sharp protrusion could indicate an impact or a plumbing leak directly behind the wall. Shining a flashlight parallel to the surface can highlight subtle deviations.
Accompanying signs offer further insight. Cracks, such as horizontal, stair-step, or wide vertical cracks, often point to structural movement or foundation problems. Stains, discoloration, or a musty odor near the bulge suggest water intrusion. Other indicators of structural issues include sloping floors, sticking doors or windows that no longer close, and unusual creaking or popping sounds.
The bulge’s location is another important factor in determining its cause and severity. A bulge in a basement wall, especially with moisture, often points to hydrostatic pressure or foundation issues. Exterior wall bulges may indicate water penetration, foundation settlement, or soil pressure. Interior wall bulges can stem from plumbing leaks, framing issues, or material defects.
Monitoring the bulge’s progression is also informative. A sudden bulge, especially after heavy rain or an unusual event, warrants investigation. A slowly worsening bulge suggests ongoing structural movement, water infiltration, or gradual material degradation. The house’s age and materials also play a role; older plaster walls are prone to cosmetic bulges from plaster delamination, while modern drywall bulges may indicate water damage or framing issues.
Repairing Bulging Walls
Repairing a bulging wall depends on identifying and addressing its underlying cause. Patching a bulge without resolving the root problem will likely result in its reappearance or worsening. Professional intervention is almost always required for bulges caused by significant structural issues, widespread water damage, or foundation problems.
Structural engineers, foundation repair specialists, or licensed plumbers can diagnose complex issues and implement solutions. For example, a structural engineer can assess the building’s framework and recommend solutions for foundation settlement or shifting loads, which might involve underpinning or pier installation. Plumbers are necessary to locate and repair hidden leaks. Addressing root causes, like diverting water or reinforcing structural elements, must precede surface repair.
Minor cosmetic bulges, such as small imperfections in drywall finishing or slight plaster separation, might be suitable for a do-it-yourself fix. However, attempting to repair bulges caused by structural instability or significant water damage without professional expertise can lead to further, costly damage. Consult professionals if the cause is unclear or appears to be more than superficial.
Preventing Wall Bulges
Proactive maintenance can reduce the likelihood of wall bulges. Moisture management is important, as water often causes wall damage. This involves regularly inspecting roofs, ensuring clear gutters and downspouts direct water away from the foundation, and maintaining proper grading around the house to prevent water from pooling near exterior walls. Adequate ventilation, especially in bathrooms and kitchens, helps control indoor humidity, preventing moisture absorption by wall materials.
Consistent foundation maintenance also prevents structural bulges. Keeping landscaping and large trees a suitable distance from the foundation prevents roots from causing pressure or drawing excessive moisture from the soil, leading to settlement. Ensuring the ground slopes away from the house by at least six inches over the first ten feet helps prevent water accumulation near the foundation.
Routine home inspections allow early detection of problems before they escalate into significant wall bulges. Regularly checking for small cracks, discolored areas, or subtle changes in wall surfaces provide early warning signs. Addressing small issues promptly, like fixing a minor plumbing leak or sealing a hairline crack, can prevent more extensive and costly damage.