Bismuth, a heavy metal, is an ingredient found in various over-the-counter supplements. It has been used for centuries to address digestive discomfort. Today, it remains a common component in remedies aimed at soothing stomach issues.
Common Applications
Bismuth supplements are widely used to alleviate common digestive complaints. They are frequently taken to relieve symptoms of temporary diarrhea, including a specific type known as traveler’s diarrhea. These supplements also help with general upset stomach and nausea.
Bismuth is used in combination therapies for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infections. This bacterium can cause peptic ulcers and chronic gastritis. Bismuth compounds are often included in multi-drug regimens, along with antibiotics and acid suppressors, to eradicate the infection. Common forms of bismuth used in supplements include bismuth subsalicylate (e.g., Pepto-Bismol) and bismuth subcitrate.
How Bismuth Supplements Work
Bismuth supplements work through several mechanisms within the digestive tract. They possess antimicrobial properties, helping to inhibit the growth of various bacteria and some viruses that can cause gastrointestinal distress. This helps against diarrhea-causing pathogens.
The compounds also bind to toxins and irritants in the gut. By forming complexes with these harmful substances, bismuth can help neutralize them and facilitate their removal from the body. This binding action reduces the irritation to the intestinal lining.
Bismuth also provides a protective coating over the irritated lining of the stomach and intestines. This shields the inflamed tissues from further irritation by stomach acid and other irritants. Some bismuth compounds also exhibit mild anti-inflammatory effects, soothing an upset digestive system.
Safety and Proper Usage
Bismuth supplements can cause some noticeable, though generally harmless, side effects. A common occurrence is a temporary darkening of the tongue and stool, which results from the bismuth reacting with sulfur in the mouth and colon to form bismuth sulfide. This discoloration is not indicative of a serious condition and typically resolves after discontinuing the supplement.
Caution is advised for bismuth subsalicylate due to its salicylate content, which is chemically similar to aspirin. Children and teenagers recovering from viral infections, such as chickenpox or flu, should avoid this form of bismuth because of the potential risk of Reye’s syndrome. Reye’s syndrome is a rare but serious condition that can affect the brain and liver.
Individuals with certain health conditions or taking specific medications should avoid bismuth supplements. People with an allergy to salicylates should not use bismuth subsalicylate. Those on blood thinners, such as warfarin, should consult a healthcare professional, as the salicylate component can increase the risk of bleeding.
Bismuth is primarily excreted through the kidneys, so individuals with severe kidney disease should exercise caution or avoid these supplements to prevent potential accumulation in the body. Always follow the instructions on the product label for dosage, which typically recommend specific amounts for adults and sometimes for older children. Consulting a healthcare professional is always advisable before starting any new supplement, especially for prolonged use or if symptoms persist.