The creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) has a long history of use in traditional medicine, but its name often causes confusion with industrial coal-tar creosote. This article aims to clarify the distinctions between these two very different compounds and explores the traditional uses and scientific understanding of the plant’s properties.
Understanding Different Creosote Forms
It is important to understand that creosote refers to two distinct substances. Coal-tar creosote, a byproduct of coal carbonization, is an industrial wood preservative. It is toxic and regulated due to its hazardous nature.
In contrast, the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) is a resilient desert plant found across the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. This evergreen shrub thrives in arid environments, characterized by its small, waxy green leaves and vibrant yellow flowers that develop into fuzzy, pea-sized capsules. Its distinct, pungent aroma, especially after rain, led to its common name. The therapeutic benefits discussed here relate solely to this plant.
Traditional Applications of Creosote Bush
Indigenous peoples of the Southwestern United States and Mexico have long utilized the creosote bush in their traditional healing practices. This plant was often considered a versatile remedy for a wide array of ailments. Preparations from its leaves and twigs were commonly steeped in hot water to create teas or infused into poultices and salves.
Traditionally, the creosote bush addressed skin conditions like wounds, rashes, and fungal infections. Internally, teas were used for respiratory issues, including coughs and colds, and for digestive problems. Its uses also extended to treating rheumatism, arthritis, gallstones, kidney stones, and as a general tonic.
Scientific Insights into Creosote Bush Properties
Modern scientific investigations focus on compounds in the creosote bush responsible for its traditional effects. The leaves and twigs of Larrea tridentata contain nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA). NDGA is a phenolic antioxidant with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
Studies show NDGA scavenges oxidants like hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anions, contributing to its antioxidant capacity. Its anti-inflammatory effects stem from inhibiting lipoxygenase activity, reducing inflammatory mediators. Research also suggests NDGA has antimicrobial properties, showing activity against bacteria, fungi, and some viruses, including herpes simplex. Preliminary in vitro and animal studies explore NDGA’s potential in neuroprotection and its effect on certain cancer cell lines, though these findings are early-stage.
Important Safety Considerations
Despite its long history of traditional use and scientific interest, the creosote bush carries significant safety concerns. Internal use, especially in concentrated forms like capsules or tablets, has been linked to liver toxicity. Cases of acute hepatitis and, in severe instances, liver failure requiring transplantation have been reported.
Due to these risks, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued warnings regarding chaparral (another common name for creosote bush), and NDGA lost its “Generally Recognized as Safe” status in 1968. Individuals with pre-existing liver or kidney conditions, or those who are pregnant or breastfeeding, should avoid internal use. Always consult a healthcare professional before considering any herbal supplement, as natural does not equate to safe, and product quality can vary.