Convolvulus arvensis, commonly known as field bindweed, is a widespread perennial plant often recognized for its vigorous growth and ability to spread. While frequently categorized as a problematic agricultural weed due to its invasive nature, this plant also possesses a long history of traditional applications across various cultures. Its diverse presence and historical human uses reveal a multifaceted character beyond its common perception as merely a nuisance.
Historical and Traditional Uses
Field bindweed has a long history of use in traditional medicine across different regions. Ancient Greek herbalists, such as Dioscorides, suggested its seeds in a tea to address hiccups, weariness, and spleen issues. However, he also cautioned against prolonged consumption due to potential adverse effects like blood in urine or sterility. In Europe, it was traditionally employed as a laxative and diuretic.
Beyond Europe, traditional Chinese medicine used Convolvulus arvensis for relieving itching, pain, and toothaches. The Ramah Navajo of western New Mexico applied a cold infusion of the plant parts as a lotion for spider bites and a decoction for excessive menstruation. Historically, it also managed gastrointestinal and skin problems. Some traditional practices also used it for wound healing and as an anti-inflammatory.
Phytochemical Components
The traditional uses of Convolvulus arvensis are linked to its diverse chemical makeup. The plant contains a range of phytochemicals, including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, and steroids. Among the identified alkaloids are pseudotropine, tropine, tropinone, cuscohygrine, and hygrine. These alkaloids can affect gastrointestinal motility.
Flavonoids like quercetin, rutin, and kaempferol are also present, contributing to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Phenolic compounds such as vanillin acid, syringic acid, and ferulic acid offer antioxidant benefits and contribute to wound healing. Research indicates that plant extracts exhibit significant antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting lipid oxidation.
Ecological Considerations
While often viewed as an agricultural pest, Convolvulus arvensis plays minor roles within its ecosystem. Its extensive root system, which can penetrate soil to depths of 6 meters or more, helps stabilize disturbed soils, preventing erosion. This characteristic, though contributing to its invasive success, offers benefit in preventing soil loss in vulnerable areas.
The plant’s white or pale pink, funnel-shaped flowers attract various pollinators, including bees, bumblebees, butterflies, and moths. Field bindweed flowers produce nectar and pollen, offering a food source for these insects from late spring until frost. The seeds also feed certain birds, such as goldfinches.
Important Cautions and Responsible Use
Despite its historical and ecological aspects, caution is important with Convolvulus arvensis. The plant is widely recognized as a noxious weed in many regions due to its aggressive growth and ability to outcompete cultivated plants. Its deep and extensive root system makes it particularly difficult to eradicate once established.
Furthermore, Convolvulus arvensis is considered mildly toxic, especially its seeds, and contains alkaloids that can have adverse effects if ingested improperly. Consumption of large quantities by livestock, especially horses and pigs, can lead to digestive issues like diarrhea and intestinal fibrosis. For humans, traditional uses should be approached with extreme caution due to a lack of extensive scientific validation for many historical claims; improper use could lead to toxic effects on the nervous system or other health problems. Consulting healthcare professionals is advisable before considering any internal use of this plant.