A fever, an elevation in body temperature above the typical range of 97°F (36.1°C) to 99°F (37.2°C), signals the body is fighting an infection or illness. While often a beneficial response, understanding when a fever warrants medical attention is important for well-being. This helps individuals and caregivers make informed decisions about seeking professional care.
Understanding Fever Thresholds by Age
Fever thresholds vary by age. For children between three months and three years of age, a fever is concerning at 102.2°F (39°C) or higher. However, their overall behavior and activity level are also important; a child who is irritable, sluggish, or unusually uncomfortable with a lower temperature may still need medical attention. In older children and adults, a fever alone is generally less alarming unless persistently high. A temperature of 103°F (39.4°C) or higher often warrants contacting a healthcare provider. Temperatures reaching 105°F (40.5°C) or higher require immediate emergency care.
Recognizing Accompanying Symptoms
Beyond temperature readings, certain accompanying symptoms indicate a need for medical attention. These symptoms suggest a more severe underlying condition, even if the fever is not extremely high:
Difficulty breathing or rapid breathing
A stiff neck or a severe headache
Confusion, extreme irritability, unusual drowsiness, or difficulty waking up
A rash, especially if it does not fade when pressed (non-blanching)
Seizures
Signs of dehydration, including decreased urination, dry mouth, or no tears when crying
Persistent vomiting or diarrhea
Severe pain in any part of the body
When to Seek Emergency Care
For infants under three months old, any rectal temperature of 100.4°F (38°C) or higher requires emergency care. This age group is particularly vulnerable and can rapidly become unwell. A fever accompanied by severe symptoms, such as difficulty breathing, a stiff neck, seizures, confusion, or a non-blanching rash, signals an emergency. Individuals who are immunocompromised should also seek prompt medical attention for any fever, regardless of the temperature. Other urgent situations include a fever that does not respond to medication, or one that persists for more than a few days. If a child under two years old has a fever lasting over 24 hours, or a child over two years old has a fever lasting over 72 hours, medical consultation is recommended.
Managing Fever at Home
For fevers not requiring emergency care, several measures can help manage discomfort and support recovery. Staying well-hydrated is important, as fever can lead to fluid loss. Encourage water, broths, or electrolyte solutions. Rest is beneficial, as activity can raise body temperature and the body needs energy to fight infection.
Over-the-counter fever reducers like acetaminophen or ibuprofen can alleviate discomfort. It is important to follow proper dosing instructions based on weight and age, and never give aspirin to children or teenagers due to the risk of Reye’s syndrome. Comfort measures include wearing light clothing and using a light blanket to avoid overheating. Lukewarm baths can help cool the body, but cold water should be avoided as it can cause shivering, which may increase body temperature. If symptoms worsen or persist, contact a primary care physician.