Aromatase is an enzyme present in the male body that plays a role in hormone regulation. While often discussed in the context of female health, its actions in males are also significant for various bodily functions. Understanding how this enzyme works and what can affect its activity is important for maintaining overall health.
Normal Function of Aromatase
Aromatase, also known as estrogen synthetase, is a component of the cytochrome P450 enzyme system, encoded by the CYP19A1 gene located on chromosome 15. This enzyme’s primary function in males is to convert androgens, such as testosterone, into estrogens, primarily estradiol. While the ovaries are the main source of estrogen in fertile women, in men, roughly 85% of circulating estrogens are produced through this peripheral conversion of androgens in various tissues.
These tissues include fat (adipose tissue), the brain, skin, blood vessels (endothelium), and bone. Estrogen, specifically estradiol, is a hormone that regulates important processes throughout the male body, beyond just reproductive functions. It plays a role in maintaining bone density and bone turnover. Estrogen also supports cardiovascular health, influencing cholesterol levels and blood flow. Furthermore, it affects brain function, impacting mood, cognition, and libido.
Effects of Aromatase Imbalance
When aromatase activity is too high, it leads to an increase in estrogen levels and a corresponding decrease in testosterone. This imbalance can manifest as several symptoms in males, including the development of enlarged breast tissue, known as gynecomastia. Individuals might also experience reduced libido, erectile dysfunction, and a general feeling of fatigue. Increased fat mass, particularly belly fat, and decreased muscle mass can also occur. High estrogen levels have also been linked to an increased risk of male breast cancer and may play a role in prostate enlargement.
Conversely, abnormally low aromatase activity, a rare genetic condition, aromatase deficiency, also has significant health consequences. Males with this condition typically have normal male external genitalia but experience symptoms such as abnormally tall stature due to delayed bone maturation. They may also develop low bone mineral density, or osteoporosis. Other symptoms can include decreased sex drive, abnormal sperm production, and small or undescended testes.
Factors Affecting Aromatase Activity
Several factors can influence the activity of aromatase in the male body. Excess body fat, particularly visceral fat around the abdomen, is a significant contributor to increased aromatase activity. Adipose tissue contains the aromatase enzyme, so higher body fat can convert more testosterone into estrogen. This can create a cycle where increased aromatase activity promotes further fat accumulation.
Lifestyle choices also play a role; for instance, alcohol consumption can increase aromatase activity. High insulin levels can also stimulate this enzyme. Certain medications, including testosterone replacement therapy, can increase aromatase activity. While rarer, genetic predispositions can cause an overexpression of the enzyme and elevated estrogen levels.
Strategies for Managing Aromatase Levels
Managing aromatase levels often involves lifestyle adjustments to promote a healthy hormonal balance. Reducing excess body fat, particularly visceral fat, is a primary strategy, as adipose tissue is a significant site of aromatase activity. Incorporating regular exercise can help reduce fat mass and support hormone balance. Dietary considerations also contribute, such as reducing the intake of highly processed foods and sugars.
Some foods and supplements are thought to naturally modulate aromatase activity, including:
Zinc
Magnesium
Vitamin D
White button mushrooms
Green tea
Cruciferous vegetables
Citrus fruits
In cases where lifestyle changes are not sufficient or for specific medical conditions, healthcare professionals may prescribe medications known as aromatase inhibitors. These medications work by blocking the aromatase enzyme. Aromatase inhibitors are typically used under medical supervision for conditions like gynecomastia, to manage estrogen levels during testosterone replacement therapy, or to address short stature in adolescents by delaying growth plate closure.