The zebra shark, scientifically known as Stegostoma tigrinum, is a distinctive, bottom-dwelling species found across the tropical Indo-Pacific. This shark is generally considered harmless to humans, and there is no need for divers or swimmers to feel apprehension around them. The species is admired for its unique appearance and docile nature.
Why Zebra Sharks Pose No Threat
The primary reason zebra sharks are not a threat lies in their anatomy and feeding habits. Their diet consists almost entirely of shelled mollusks, crustaceans, and small bony fishes, which dictates their physical structure. Instead of the razor-sharp teeth associated with predatory sharks, the zebra shark possesses small, blunt, tri-cuspid teeth that are better suited for crushing hard shells than tearing flesh.
These sharks are also slow-moving and generally docile, typically reaching a maximum length of about 8 to 12 feet. While they are large enough to cause injury, there is only one recorded incident of an unprovoked attack in the International Shark Attack File, which resulted in no injuries. Any rare instances of biting usually occur when a diver provokes the shark by pulling its tail or attempting to ride it.
Understanding the Zebra vs. Leopard Shark Name Confusion
A common source of confusion is the interchangeable use of the names “zebra shark” and “leopard shark” in different parts of the world. The name “zebra shark” comes from the distinct pattern of dark, vertical stripes seen on juveniles. As the shark matures, these stripes fade and transition into a pattern of dark spots on a pale background, which resembles a leopard print.
This adult appearance is why the species is frequently called the “leopard shark” in Australia and some other regions. However, it is important to distinguish Stegostoma tigrinum from the true leopard shark, Triakis semifasciata, a separate species found exclusively along the Pacific coast of North America.
Habitat and Disposition
The zebra shark is an inshore species that prefers the shallow, tropical waters of the Indo-Pacific, including coral reefs and sandy flats, typically to a depth of about 200 feet. They are bottom-dwellers, often seen resting motionless on the sea floor during the day, sometimes propping themselves up with their pectoral fins. This behavior is possible because, unlike some other shark species, they do not need to swim constantly to breathe.
They are nocturnal, becoming more active at night to hunt for food, which means they are often sluggish and less interested in their surroundings during daylight hours. Divers frequently interact with these sharks without incident, observing them in their natural habitat as they rest or slowly cruise the reef.