Wild turkeys are a common sight across California, often seen foraging in woodlands or venturing into suburban areas. Their presence frequently prompts questions about their origins in the state, with many wondering if these adaptable birds are native.
Are Wild Turkeys Native?
Wild turkeys, Meleagris gallopavo, are not native to California. While a distinct species, Meleagris californica, did exist in the region, it became extinct 10,000 years ago. Bones of this prehistoric turkey have been discovered in the La Brea Tar Pits, indicating its former presence in Southern California.
The wild turkeys seen in California today originate from populations introduced from other parts of North America. Their historical native range spans the eastern, central, and southwestern United States, extending into parts of Mexico. The current populations in California are a direct result of intentional introductions.
How Turkeys Arrived in California
The introduction of wild turkeys to California began with private efforts in the late 19th century. The first recorded release occurred in 1877 when private ranchers introduced birds from Mexico to Santa Cruz Island. Early attempts by the California Fish and Game Commission, now the California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW), involved releasing farm-raised turkeys in the early 20th century, but these efforts largely failed.
Significant and successful reintroduction programs commenced in 1959, primarily led by the CDFW using wild-caught birds. The motivation for these efforts was largely for game management, aiming to create hunting opportunities. Over the decades, various subspecies were introduced, including the Rio Grande, Merriam’s, and the Eastern wild turkey. The Rio Grande subspecies, sourced from Texas, became the most widespread and constitutes the majority of California’s wild turkey population. Merriam’s turkeys were introduced into higher elevation pine habitats. Conservation organizations, such as the National Wild Turkey Federation, also played a role in these reintroduction and habitat enhancement efforts.
Where Turkeys Live in California Today
Since their introduction, wild turkeys have expanded their range across California. These adaptable birds now inhabit 18% to 25% of the state’s total area. Their distribution extends from Humboldt and Siskiyou counties in the north down to Santa Barbara, Riverside, and San Diego counties in the south.
Wild turkeys thrive in various environments across California. They are commonly found in lower elevation oak woodlands. Riparian areas, agricultural lands, and even suburban fringes also provide suitable habitats for these birds. The Rio Grande subspecies remains the most prevalent and widespread, while the Merriam’s subspecies is found in more mountainous regions. Current population estimates for wild turkeys in California range between 300,000 and 400,000 birds.