Wild potatoes are generally considered poisonous. These plants contain natural toxins that can cause adverse health effects if ingested. Understanding the risks and proper identification is essential for safety.
The Danger of Wild Potatoes
Wild potato plants produce toxic glycoalkaloids, such as solanine and chaconine. These compounds are present throughout the entire plant—leaves, stems, flowers, berries, and tubers—often in higher concentrations than in cultivated varieties. Glycoalkaloids serve as a natural defense mechanism, protecting the plant from pests and pathogens.
Unlike cultivated potatoes, which are bred to minimize toxins, wild varieties retain significant glycoalkaloid levels. Light exposure can increase glycoalkaloid content in tubers, often indicated by greening, though the green color itself is chlorophyll. The bitterness of a potato can also be a reliable indicator of high glycoalkaloid levels.
Identifying Wild Potatoes
Identifying wild potato plants requires careful observation, as they can sometimes resemble other plants. Wild potato species vary widely in appearance but generally differ from cultivated potatoes. Their tubers are typically much smaller and can come in various shapes and colors, often appearing irregular. Some wild potato tubers may also turn purple when exposed to sunlight, similar to how cultivated potatoes turn green.
The plants themselves can range in height from a few inches to over nine feet, with some species having long stolons that spread widely. Flowers can be white, pink, blue, or purple with yellow centers, and some species produce berries that resemble small green cherry tomatoes. These berries, like other parts of the plant, are also toxic. Wild potatoes are often found in diverse habitats, from high elevations to disturbed areas, but are not typically encountered in commercial settings.
Symptoms and Emergency Actions
Ingesting wild potatoes can cause solanine poisoning, with symptoms appearing within hours, though sometimes delayed up to a day. Mild symptoms include gastrointestinal issues like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and a burning sensation in the throat. Severe cases can involve neurological effects such as headaches, dizziness, confusion, fever, hallucinations, loss of sensation, and paralysis. Fatalities have been reported in rare instances.
If wild potatoes are ingested, seek immediate medical attention. Contact emergency services (911 or local number) and a poison control center for guidance. Do not induce vomiting unless advised by a medical professional. Provide information about the person’s age, weight, amount swallowed, and the plant part consumed to assist medical personnel.