The presence of wild pigs in Arizona raises concerns about safety, particularly in residential areas bordering the desert. While generally non-aggressive, they are powerful and pose specific dangers when their territory or young are perceived to be under threat. Understanding their behavior is necessary for safely coexisting with wildlife in the Southwest. The risks they present are manageable, but they require public awareness and adherence to proper safety measures.
Clarifying Arizona’s “Wild Pigs”: Javelina vs. Feral Hogs
The animal most commonly called a “wild pig” in Arizona is the Javelina, or collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), which is not a true pig. Javelina belong to the family Tayassuidae, separate from the Old World pig family Suidae, which includes feral hogs (Sus scrofa). These native mammals are smaller, typically weighing between 40 and 60 pounds, and are characterized by a faint white band around their shoulders. Their tusks are short and point downward, unlike the outward-curving tusks of feral hogs.
Feral hogs are descendants of domestic swine and Eurasian wild boar. While present in Arizona, they are found in limited locations, whereas Javelina are common throughout central and southern Arizona’s desert and semi-urban areas. Feral hogs are generally larger, reproduce much faster, and cause significantly more environmental damage through wallowing and rooting. The Javelina is the animal the average resident is most likely to encounter, which is why safety advice focuses on this native species.
Assessing the Danger: Understanding Aggressive Behavior
Javelina are naturally wary and typically retreat from human presence, but they can inflict serious injury if they feel threatened. Their primary defense mechanism involves charging, teeth clacking, and a low growling or barking sound meant to deter a perceived threat. The two-inch-long canine teeth (tusks) are sharp and used for defense, capable of causing deep wounds.
Aggressive behavior is almost always a defensive reaction triggered by three main situations. The most frequent trigger is the protection of young, known as “reds,” as Javelina are highly protective of their herd. They will also charge if they feel cornered or if their escape route is blocked, often due to their poor eyesight. Lastly, the presence of domestic dogs is a significant trigger, as Javelina view dogs and coyotes as natural predators.
Javelina can carry diseases that pose a risk to humans and pets, though incidents are rare. Rabies has been documented, and they can also carry bacteria like Salmonella and distemper, which can be transmitted to pets. Incidents of Javelina biting humans are uncommon and are often linked to people intentionally feeding the animals, causing them to lose their natural fear.
Immediate Safety Measures During an Encounter
Prevention is the most effective strategy for avoiding conflict with Javelina, particularly in residential areas. Never feed the animals, as this habituates them to humans and reduces their natural caution. To prevent them from being drawn onto your property, secure all outdoor food sources (pet food, birdseed, fallen fruit) and use locking lids on garbage cans. Pets should be kept on a leash, and small dogs supervised closely or kept indoors at night, as Javelina are most active during dawn and dusk.
If a Javelina encounter occurs, remaining calm and giving the animals space is the most important action. Slowly back away without running, since a sudden movement could trigger a chase response. If the animals do not retreat, making loud noises, such as yelling, clapping, or banging objects, will often successfully haze them away.
If you are walking a dog, quickly changing direction or picking up a small dog immediately is advised to prevent a defensive attack. If a Javelina is cornered or actively aggressive, placing a large object like a tree, rock, or car between yourself and the animal can provide a barrier. If a bite occurs, seek medical attention immediately due to the potential for infection and disease transmission.