White tail spiders, specifically Lampona cylindrata and Lampona murina, are a source of public concern due to widespread misconceptions about their danger. Native to Australia and New Guinea, these spiders are common in both bush and urban environments. This article aims to clarify misunderstandings by providing accurate information on identifying white tail spiders, understanding their bites, and managing encounters.
Identifying White Tail Spiders
White tail spiders possess distinct physical characteristics. They have a cylindrical, cigar-shaped body, typically dark reddish to grey. A defining feature is a prominent white spot at the tip of their abdomen, from which they derive their common name. Juveniles may also exhibit two pairs of faint white spots on their dorsal side, though these often become less distinct in adult spiders.
Their legs are dark with orange-brown bands, and the overall leg span can reach approximately 28 mm. Females can be up to 18 mm in body length, and males up to 12 mm. These spiders are active nocturnal hunters, rather than web-builders, meaning they are often found roaming.
Understanding the Bite’s Impact
The bite of a white tail spider has been subject to considerable sensationalism, particularly regarding claims of severe necrotic ulcers. Current scientific consensus largely refutes the notion that their venom causes widespread tissue death. While severe skin reactions, known as necrotic arachnidism, have been controversially linked to white tail spider bites in media reports, medical studies have not substantiated these claims. A comprehensive 2003 study, involving 130 verified white tail spider bites, found no instances of necrotic ulcers or confirmed infections, suggesting such outcomes are highly unlikely.
A white tail spider bite typically results in localized and temporary symptoms. Common reactions include mild-to-moderate pain, redness, swelling, and itchiness at the bite site. These symptoms are often comparable to a bee sting and usually resolve within 24 hours, though they can persist for up to a week. Rarely, individuals might experience more general symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, or headache, occurring in about 10% of cases. The severe skin ulcers previously attributed to these spiders are now believed to stem from other causes, such as bacterial infections, underlying health conditions, or other types of injury.
Responding to a White Tail Spider Bite
Immediate first aid for a suspected white tail spider bite involves simple steps to manage symptoms and reduce complications. Begin by thoroughly cleaning the bite area with soap and water to prevent infection. Applying a cold compress or an ice pack wrapped in a cloth to the affected area can alleviate pain, swelling, and discomfort. Elevating the bitten limb can also assist in reducing swelling.
Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as paracetamol or ibuprofen, may manage pain and inflammation. While most white tail spider bites result in minor, temporary symptoms, monitor the bite site for any worsening signs. Seek medical attention if symptoms persist, become severe, or if signs of infection, such as increasing redness, warmth, pus, or blistering, develop. Individuals with compromised immune systems, young children, or those experiencing a more generalized reaction like widespread rash or difficulty breathing, should seek prompt medical advice.
Minimizing Encounters
Reducing the likelihood of encountering white tail spiders involves strategies focused on managing their preferred habitats. These spiders are active nocturnal hunters and do not spin large webs, preferring to roam at night in search of prey. They often seek shelter in dark, undisturbed places during the day, such as under bark, rocks, or leaf litter outdoors.
Indoors, white tail spiders are commonly found in tight spaces, including clothing left on the floor, shoes, bedding, and crevices. To minimize encounters, maintain a tidy home environment by regularly vacuuming and dusting, and reducing clutter where spiders can hide.
Shaking out clothing, towels, and shoes before use, especially items left on the floor, can help prevent accidental bites. Sealing cracks and gaps in walls, windows, and doors can also deter spiders. Removing external harborage like leaf litter and woodpiles near the house can further reduce their presence.