Walruses are large, distinctive marine mammals inhabiting the Arctic and subarctic regions. These powerful animals are characterized by their immense size, thick skin, and prominent tusks. Male Pacific walruses can reach lengths of up to 12 feet and weigh over 2 tons, while females are also substantial, often exceeding 1 ton. Their most recognizable features are their long ivory tusks, which are actually elongated canine teeth present in both males and females.
Understanding Walrus Behavior
Walruses are social animals, gathering in large herds that can number in the thousands, both in water and on land or ice floes. These gatherings, known as haul-outs, are where walruses rest, socialize, and sometimes give birth. Their diet primarily consists of benthic invertebrates, such as clams, which they locate on the seafloor using their sensitive whiskers. They use a powerful suction method to extract the soft parts of clams from their shells.
The tusks serve multiple purposes. Walruses use them to help haul themselves onto ice, create breathing holes, and for defense against natural predators like polar bears and orcas. Tusks also play a role in social interactions, with males using them in dominance displays and fights during the breeding season. Despite their formidable appearance, walruses are not aggressive towards humans, preferring to avoid confrontation.
When Walruses Pose a Threat
While walruses are not inherently aggressive towards humans, certain circumstances can provoke a defensive or aggressive response. One common scenario involves a mother walrus protecting her calf. Female walruses are protective of their young, and if they perceive a threat, they may become aggressive. Calves stay with their mothers for about two years, forming a strong bond.
Walruses may also become aggressive if they feel trapped, cornered, or their personal space is invaded. If a walrus cannot escape into the water, it reacts defensively. An injured or sick walrus can also be unpredictable. While rare with humans, competition for haul-out sites or food can lead to aggression, as walruses can be territorial, especially adult males during mating season. Unexpected encounters in the water, particularly with small vessels like kayaks, can also elicit a defensive reaction.
Interacting Safely with Walruses
To ensure safety for both humans and walruses, maintaining a respectful distance is important when observing these animals. Approaching them quietly and avoiding sudden movements or loud noises helps prevent startling them. It is particularly important to give mother-calf pairs a wide berth, as they are sensitive to disturbance. Never attempt to get between walruses and the water, as this can cut off their escape route.
Observing walruses from a distance with binoculars or telephoto lenses allows for appreciation without causing stress. If walruses show any signs of disturbance, such as raising their heads, increasing vocalizations, or moving towards the water, it is important to retreat slowly and quietly. Federal laws like the Marine Mammal Protection Act prohibit harassment, which includes any activity that disrupts their behavioral patterns. Adhering to established guidelines for wildlife viewing, which often recommend distances of 100 meters or more, contributes to the well-being of these Arctic inhabitants.