Spain is home to a significant wolf population, making it one of the few European countries where these animals thrive. Despite historical declines, their continued presence highlights the Iberian Peninsula’s diverse ecosystems and the complex relationship between wildlife and human society.
The Iberian Wolf in Spain
The wolf subspecies found predominantly in Spain is the Iberian wolf (Canis lupus signatus). It has a slender build, with characteristic white marks on its upper lips and dark markings on its tail and front legs, which inspired its Latin name “signatus” meaning “marked”.
Iberian wolves are generally smaller than their Eurasian counterparts, with males weighing up to 55 kg and females between 25-35 kg. Historically widespread, their populations declined due to human persecution and habitat loss. However, unlike in many other European nations, the Iberian wolf was never entirely extirpated, allowing for recent recovery.
Where Wolves Roam and Their Numbers
The majority of Spain’s wolf population is concentrated in the northwestern Iberian Peninsula, including Castilla y León, Galicia, Asturias, and Cantabria. These regions offer suitable habitats, from mountainous terrains to wooded and agricultural landscapes.
A 2021-2024 census identified 333 wolf packs in Spain, a 12% increase since 2014, translating to an estimated 2,000 to 2,500 individuals. Despite this growth, the official conservation status remains “unfavorable,” as the population is below the 500 packs considered necessary for stability. Isolated packs also exist, with wolves returning to regions like Navarre, the Basque Country, Extremadura, Madrid, and Guadalajara.
Protecting Spain’s Wolves
The legal status of wolves in Spain has evolved with regional distinctions. Historically, a divide existed along the Duero River: wolves north were often game species, while those south were strictly protected. This reflected varying regional management approaches.
In February 2021, the Iberian wolf was included in the List of Wild Species under Special Protection Regime (LESPRE), banning hunting nationwide. However, this protection was reversed in March 2025, with parliament lifting the 2021 ban. Controlled hunting can now resume north of the Duero River in Asturias, Cantabria, Galicia, and northern Castilla y León. International agreements like the Bern Convention and EU Habitats Directive also guide wolf conservation efforts.
Living Alongside Wolves
Human-wolf coexistence in Spain presents challenges, primarily due to livestock depredation. Farmers report losses of sheep, goats, cows, and horses from wolf attacks, causing economic concerns and fueling negative perceptions among some rural residents.
To mitigate these issues, various management strategies are employed. Compensation schemes reimburse farmers for losses, though payment effectiveness varies. Preventative measures include livestock guarding dogs, like Spanish Mastiffs, and electric fences. Public awareness campaigns foster understanding of wolves’ ecological role. Despite efforts, balancing conservation with agricultural interests remains a complex issue.