The presence of wild pigs in Arizona often leads to confusion between two distinct animals: true wild pigs (feral hogs) and a native species. Understanding this distinction is important for recognizing their impact and interacting safely.
Distinguishing Arizona’s Wild Swine
Arizona is home to two types of wild swine: the native javelina and the non-native feral hog. Javelina, also called collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu), are hoofed mammals native to the Americas, found across central and southern Arizona. They typically weigh 35 to 60 pounds and stand about 19 inches tall, with a coarse coat of peppered black, gray, and brown hair and a faint white collar. Javelina have poor eyesight but a keen sense of smell, and their straight canine teeth give them a spear-like appearance. They live in herds, or “sounders,” of two to over 20 animals.
In contrast, feral hogs (Sus scrofa) are not native to North America, introduced by European settlers centuries ago. These are domestic pigs that escaped or were released into the wild, often interbreeding with Eurasian wild boars. Feral hogs are significantly larger than javelina, with males often reaching 200 pounds and females around 175 pounds; their coloration varies widely. Unlike javelina, feral hogs have curved tusks and a visible tail, which helps differentiate them from the smaller peccaries.
The Presence of True Feral Hogs
Feral hogs are found in various parts of Arizona. Their populations are typically concentrated in riparian areas and agricultural zones that provide suitable habitat and food sources. Specific locations where feral hogs have been observed include the Arizona Strip, San Pedro River Valley, Lake Havasu, Agua Fria River, and Roosevelt Lake. They are also present in areas such as the Tonto National Forest, Coconino National Forest, and San Carlos Apache Reservation.
These adaptable animals thrive in diverse environments, from desert scrub to ponderosa pine forests. Southern Arizona, particularly near the Gila River basin and agricultural areas in Yuma and Pinal counties, shows higher hog activity. While their overall numbers in Arizona are lower compared to some other states, estimates suggest a population of 500 to 1000 wild hogs, predominantly in Cochise, Pima, Yavapai, and La Paz counties. Their ability to reproduce quickly, with females having up to two litters per year averaging five or six piglets, contributes to their presence and potential for expansion.
Ecological and Agricultural Impacts
Feral hogs are considered an invasive species in Arizona, causing substantial negative impacts on the environment and agricultural operations. Their destructive rooting behavior, where they use their snouts to dig for food, leads to significant soil erosion and habitat degradation. This activity can disrupt native plant communities, alter ecosystems, and compete with native wildlife for resources. They can also prey on ground-nesting birds, further impacting native species.
Beyond ecological damage, feral hogs inflict considerable economic losses on agriculture. They damage various crops, including cotton, hay, and alfalfa, by consuming them or through rooting and trampling. Their activities can also destroy irrigation systems, fences, and other farm infrastructure. Feral hogs also pose a risk for disease transmission to domestic livestock, wildlife, and humans, as they can carry numerous diseases and parasites.
Encountering Wild Swine Safely
Encountering wild swine in Arizona requires caution, whether javelina or feral hog. Maintain a safe distance and avoid feeding them. Feeding can cause them to lose their natural fear of humans, leading to increased conflicts and potential danger. If an encounter occurs, making noise, such as shouting or clapping, can help deter them, as both species generally prefer to avoid confrontation.
Securing your property can help prevent unwanted visits from wild swine, including keeping pet food indoors, ensuring trash cans have locking lids, and picking up fallen fruit. Javelina are attracted to unsecured food sources and water. If a javelina or feral hog appears aggressive, especially if young are present, slowly back away and leave the area. If a direct charge occurs, seeking an elevated position like climbing a tree or boulder is advisable. For persistent nuisance issues or safety concerns, the Arizona Game and Fish Department can provide guidance.