Wild parrots, which are non-native species, have established self-sustaining populations across California, particularly in warmer, urbanized areas. These vibrant flocks are the result of birds that either escaped or were intentionally released from captivity, not natural migration. These naturalized parrots have thrived by adapting to the unique resources provided by California’s cities and suburbs. Their populations are now well-established, tracing back to the exotic pet trade that flourished before significant import restrictions were put in place.
Primary Species Found in California
The majority of California’s wild parrots belong to the Amazona genus (Amazon parrots) and various species of Conures. The most numerous species is the Red-crowned Amazon (Amazona viridigenalis), which is bright green with a distinct red forehead and crown. This bird is native to northeastern Mexico and is known for its loud, deep vocalizations heard across city blocks.
Another frequently sighted group is the Conure family, recognized by their slender bodies and long, pointed tails. The Mitred Conure (Psittacara mitratus), originating from the high Andes mountains, is common and features a green body with variable red markings on its head. Other established species include the Red-masked and Blue-crowned parakeets, which are noticeably smaller than the Amazon parrots.
How Wild Parrots Established Urban Populations
California’s wild parrot population originated from the extensive exotic pet trade operating before the 1990s. Before federal bans restricted the import of wild-caught birds, countless parrots were brought into the United States. Many initial breeding pairs were likely birds that accidentally flew away from owners or were released when owners could no longer care for them.
While individual escapes contributed steadily, several theories exist regarding large-scale, sudden releases that jump-started larger flocks. One well-known incident involves a Pasadena nursery fire in 1959, where employees reportedly freed 65 to 70 birds to save them from the flames. Another rumor suggests an illegal bird smuggling operation released a large number of parrots to avoid capture. The key factor in population establishment was successful breeding in the wild, allowing the birds to transition into self-sustaining, naturalized flocks.
Survival Strategies in the California Environment
These tropical birds survive and flourish in the dry California climate by exploiting the resources of the manicured urban landscape. This is often called the “urban oasis effect.” Their diet consists primarily of the fruits, seeds, and blossoms of non-native, ornamental trees and shrubs planted across cities. They rely heavily on food sources like eucalyptus, camphor, sweet gum, and ficus trees, which provide sustenance year-round due to consistent landscape irrigation.
For shelter and nesting, the Amazon parrots and Conures utilize existing tree cavities, as they do not build traditional nests. They frequently use hollows in older, non-native trees like silver maples and dead palm trees, as well as crevices in power poles and building structures. The urban setting also offers a significant advantage in the form of reduced predation pressure compared to their native habitats, which allows more young to survive.
Flocks are concentrated in dense population centers like Southern California (Los Angeles County and San Diego) and the San Francisco Bay Area. In these locations, the favorable climate and abundant exotic vegetation provide an ideal habitat.