While hedgehogs are popular exotic pets in the United States, they are not native to the Americas and do not exist in the wild there. Any hedgehogs encountered in the American wilderness are typically escaped or released pets.
Global Habitats of Wild Hedgehogs
There are 17 species of wild hedgehogs found across Europe, Asia, and Africa. These small, spiny mammals have adapted to various environments, including grasslands, woodlands, scrublands, and even suburban gardens. Their ability to thrive in diverse conditions, from the tropical climates of Africa to areas near the Arctic Circle in Finland, highlights their adaptability.
In Europe, species like the European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) are common in countries like the United Kingdom, Spain, and Italy, inhabiting hedgerows, woodlands, and meadows, often near human settlements for food. African hedgehogs, such as the four-toed hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris), reside in dry, warm climates across central and eastern Africa, favoring grassy or rocky areas. Asian hedgehogs, like the long-eared species, are found throughout Central Asia and parts of the Middle East, preferring moderate climates and green spaces near water.
Hedgehogs in America: Pet Ownership
Despite not being indigenous to the continent, hedgehogs are present in America primarily as domesticated pets. The most common species kept as pets is the African Pygmy Hedgehog, which is a hybrid of the four-toed hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris) and the North African hedgehog (Atelerix algirus). These animals are captive-bred and were introduced to the United States as pets starting in the 1980s.
The popularity of African Pygmy Hedgehogs as pets grew, with imports from countries like Nigeria in the early 1990s. Unlike their wild counterparts, these domesticated hedgehogs are smaller and cannot survive in the wild. They thrive in warm indoor environments, as they do not hibernate and suffer in low temperatures. Their unique appearance and manageable care contribute to their appeal.
Legal Considerations for Owning Hedgehogs
Hedgehog ownership in the United States is subject to varied state and local regulations. This means that while they are legal in many states, they are prohibited or require special permits in others. For example, hedgehogs are illegal to own in states such as California, Georgia, Hawaii, and Pennsylvania, as well as in New York City.
Restrictions often stem from concerns about ecological impact if non-native species escape into the wild, disrupting ecosystems or spreading diseases. Some jurisdictions, like New Jersey and Wisconsin, may require permits for ownership or import. Laws regarding exotic animal ownership can change, so prospective owners must verify current regulations with local and state authorities.