Vultures are a common sight in Massachusetts, with the state hosting two regularly observed species. The Turkey Vulture is the dominant and most widespread species across the Commonwealth. The Black Vulture, while historically less common, is increasingly sighted, particularly in the southern and southeastern regions.
The Primary Vulture Species in Massachusetts
The Turkey Vulture (Cathartes aura) is the large, dark raptor most frequently seen circling above Massachusetts skies. This species is easily recognized by its nearly six-foot wingspan and its appearance of being black from a distance. Adult Turkey Vultures possess a featherless, bright red head, which gives them their common name due to its resemblance to a wild turkey’s head. Most of these birds are seasonal residents, migrating south for the colder months, making their return in early spring a reliable signal of the changing season.
The Turkey Vulture population has increased significantly in Massachusetts, expanding its range northward. The first confirmed breeding pair in the state was documented in 1954, marking the beginning of their establishment. While many migrate, some individuals will overwinter in the state, often gathering in large communal roosts at night.
Differentiating the Vulture Species
Distinguishing between the Turkey Vulture and the Black Vulture (Coragyps atratus) is easiest when observing their flight patterns. The Turkey Vulture is renowned for its graceful soaring, holding its long wings in a shallow “V” shape, known as a dihedral. This posture causes it to appear to teeter or wobble slightly in the air, allowing them to ride thermal air currents with very little flapping.
In contrast, the Black Vulture flies with its wings held flatter and must flap much more frequently to maintain altitude. When viewed from below, the Turkey Vulture displays a two-toned underwing, with silvery-gray flight feathers contrasting with the darker body and wing edges. The Black Vulture’s wings are mostly black, featuring distinct white patches only at the tips of the primary feathers, which look like white “hands.”
Range Expansion and Habitat
The presence of vultures in Massachusetts represents a significant trend of northward range expansion for both species. The Turkey Vulture has successfully colonized nearly the entire Commonwealth since its first breeding record. These birds can now be spotted across a variety of habitats, including open areas, rocky hillsides, and coastal regions, often gliding over roadways in search of food.
The Black Vulture is newer to the state’s landscape, with its first confirmed nesting occurring in 1999. Their expansion is proceeding more slowly than the Turkey Vulture, and they remain most prevalent in the southern and southeastern parts of the state. Black Vultures often prefer wooded areas near water and require stronger thermal currents for soaring.
Behavior and Ecological Role
Vultures are obligate necrophages, meaning they feed exclusively on carrion, which defines their ecological function. They are nature’s clean-up crew, consuming roadkill and other dead animals before the carcasses can become sources of disease. This behavior is supported by extremely potent stomach acids that destroy nearly all pathogens, including those that cause anthrax and botulism.
These birds are not predators and lack the strong talons needed to capture live prey, making them harmless to pets and humans. Their diet and digestive adaptations are focused on safely removing decaying organic matter from the environment. By consuming this material, they perform a valuable public health service by preventing the spread of diseases to other wildlife.