Vultures are present in Illinois, commonly seen across much of the state. These large, soaring birds are an integral part of the local wildlife, often observed circling high above open landscapes or perched on tall structures. They contribute to the state’s diverse ecosystem.
Vulture Species in Illinois
Illinois is home to two primary vulture species: the Turkey Vulture (Cathartes aura) and the Black Vulture (Coragyps atratus). Distinguishing between these two species involves observing their physical characteristics and flight patterns. The Turkey Vulture is larger, measuring 26 to 32 inches long with a wingspan of 5.9 to 7.5 feet, and features dark brown plumage with a featherless red head and a pale bill in adults. Its flight is characterized by wings held in a distinct V-shape, or dihedral, as it teeters from side to side, often soaring with minimal wing flapping. Turkey Vultures are common migrants across most of Illinois from mid-February to mid-November, though some may overwinter in the southern regions.
The Black Vulture, while similar in overall dark coloration, is slightly smaller, ranging from 22 to 26 inches with a wingspan of 4.3 to 4.9 feet, and has an entirely black body, a bare grayish-black head, and noticeable white patches on the underside of its wingtips. In flight, Black Vultures hold their wings flatter and flap more frequently, exhibiting a powerful, bat-like appearance compared to the Turkey Vulture’s steady glide. Historically less common, Black Vultures are permanent residents primarily in extreme southern Illinois, but their range has been expanding northward in recent years.
Their Role in the Illinois Ecosystem
Vultures serve a significant ecological function in Illinois as natural scavengers, primarily consuming carrion, or dead animals. This dietary habit helps to prevent the accumulation of decaying carcasses, which in turn limits the spread of potential diseases. Their highly acidic digestive systems are capable of neutralizing many pathogens found in rotting flesh, thereby acting as a natural clean-up crew that cycles nutrients back into the environment.
These birds typically favor open or semi-open landscapes, including agricultural fields, forest edges, and areas near roadsides, where they can readily locate food sources. Turkey Vultures rely on their keen sense of smell to find carrion, even under forest canopies, while Black Vultures often follow Turkey Vultures to a food source due to their less developed sense of smell.
Interacting with Vultures
Vultures generally pose no threat to humans or pets, as their diet consists almost exclusively of carrion. Unlike predatory birds, their talons are not designed for grasping live prey, and they lack the physical adaptations for hunting. However, Black Vultures have been known to occasionally prey on vulnerable or newborn livestock, such as calves, lambs, or piglets, and in rare instances, small domestic animals.
When large numbers of vultures gather, particularly at communal roosts, they can sometimes cause property damage through their droppings, which are corrosive, or by damaging materials like window caulking, roof shingles, and vehicle surfaces. Both Turkey Vultures and Black Vultures are protected under the federal Migratory Bird Treaty Act, making it illegal to harm, kill, or disturb them, their nests, or their eggs without a permit. If concerns arise due to vulture activity, such as property damage or livestock issues, it is advisable to contact state wildlife services for guidance on appropriate, legal deterrence methods.