North Carolina is home to several species of venomous snakes. Understanding these reptiles, their characteristics, and behaviors is important for safety. This article helps identify venomous snakes, outlines safety measures outdoors, and describes appropriate responses to a snakebite.
Confirmed Venomous Species in North Carolina
North Carolina is home to six venomous snake species: the Copperhead, Cottonmouth (Water Moccasin), Timber Rattlesnake, Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake, Pygmy Rattlesnake, and Eastern Coral Snake. Five are pit vipers, identifiable by a heat-sensing pit between their eyes and nostrils. The Copperhead, common across most of the state except the Outer Banks, is brownish with distinctive hourglass-shaped bands, resembling a Hershey’s Kiss. Adults grow to about 2 to 3 feet and are found in woodlands and residential areas.
The Cottonmouth, prevalent in the Coastal Plain and lower Piedmont, is a semi-aquatic snake that can reach 3 to 4 feet, occasionally up to 6 feet. Younger Cottonmouths may have lighter colors and distinct crossbands with yellow or greenish tail tips, while older individuals become entirely dark. This snake primarily inhabits freshwater environments like swamps, streams, and canals.
The Timber Rattlesnake is a heavy-bodied species, growing to an average of 30 to 68 inches, sometimes up to 5.5 feet. Its coloration varies but features dark crossbands on a lighter background, often with a black tail. Timber Rattlesnakes are most common in forested areas of the mountains and Coastal Plain.
The Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake is the largest venomous snake in North Carolina, measuring 4 to 5 feet, though some can exceed 7 feet. It is characterized by dark, diamond-shaped patterns outlined in black against a gray or yellowish body. This species is found in the southeastern Coastal Plain, preferring sandy pine flatwoods.
The Pygmy Rattlesnake is the smallest rattlesnake, reaching about 15 to 21 inches, with a maximum recorded length of 32.7 inches. It is dull gray with a row of dark spots and possesses a small rattle that produces a faint buzzing sound. This species inhabits pine flatwoods and scrub oak habitats in the southeastern Coastal Plain and Sandhills.
Unlike pit vipers, the Eastern Coral Snake is a member of the Elapidae family, similar to cobras. This slender snake is distinguished by bright red, yellow, and black rings that encircle its body, with red bands touching yellow bands. It is rare in North Carolina, primarily found in the southeastern corner of the state in sandy, often underground, areas.
Recognizing Venomous Snakes
Identifying venomous snakes can be challenging, but some characteristics can assist. Most venomous snakes in North Carolina, excluding the Eastern Coral Snake, are pit vipers. They have a triangular-shaped head distinct from their neck, and their pupils are vertical and elliptical, resembling a cat’s eye. These snakes also possess heat-sensing pits between their eyes and nostrils, which aid in detecting prey.
Rattlesnakes are further distinguished by a rattle at the end of their tail, which they shake as a warning. However, some non-venomous snakes can mimic these traits by flattening their heads when threatened. Not all venomous snakes have vertical pupils; the Eastern Coral Snake has round pupils.
For the Eastern Coral Snake, a helpful rhyme is used: “Red touches yellow, kills a fellow; red touches black, friend of Jack,” referring to its colored bands. The coral snake’s snout is also black, unlike some non-venomous mimics. Always maintain a safe distance and avoid close inspection.
Safety When Outdoors
Preventing snake encounters begins with adopting careful habits outdoors. Wearing sturdy, closed-toe shoes or boots and long pants offers protection, particularly when hiking or working in overgrown areas. Watch where you step and place your hands, especially when navigating through tall grass, leaf litter, or around rocks and logs. Avoid reaching into unseen crevices or under objects where snakes might be resting or hiding; this is also a good practice.
Maintaining a tidy outdoor environment around your home can reduce attractive hiding spots for snakes and their prey. Clearing piles of wood, rocks, and other debris minimizes potential habitats. If you encounter a snake, give it ample space and slowly back away. Never attempt to handle, harass, or kill a snake, as most bites occur when individuals try to interact with them. Use a flashlight during nighttime activities to illuminate your path and spot snakes that may be more active after dark.
Responding to a Snakebite
In the rare event of a snakebite, remaining calm is the immediate priority. Call 911 or the North Carolina Poison Control Center at 1-800-222-1222 for guidance. While waiting for medical assistance, remove any jewelry or tight clothing near the bite area. Keep the bitten limb as still as possible and position it at or slightly below heart level to help slow venom spread.
Several actions commonly believed to help with snakebites can be harmful and should be avoided. Do not attempt to cut the wound, suck out the venom, or apply a tourniquet, as these methods are ineffective and can cause further harm. Applying ice to the bite area is not recommended, as it can worsen injury. Additionally, do not consume alcohol or caffeine, as these substances can accelerate venom absorption.
Medical professionals will assess the bite and determine if antivenom or other treatment is necessary. While copperhead bites, for instance, are rarely fatal, they still require prompt medical attention.