Massachusetts is home to venomous snakes, though encounters are exceptionally uncommon. The state hosts two species of pit vipers; their isolated and small populations are listed as endangered. For the average person enjoying the outdoors, the risk of a bite is very low. Awareness of these rare species helps promote both personal safety and the conservation of these protected animals.
Identifying Massachusetts’ Venomous Snakes
The two venomous snakes in the state are the Timber Rattlesnake and the Northern Copperhead. Both are pit vipers, identified by a broad, triangular head shape that is noticeably wider than the neck due to venom glands located on the sides of the head.
Another identifying feature of pit vipers is the pupil shape, which appears as a vertical, cat-like slit in bright light, unlike the round pupils of most non-venomous species. The Timber Rattlesnake is a large, heavy-bodied snake that can grow up to five feet long. It is distinguished by a segmented rattle at the end of its tail that produces a loud buzzing sound when vibrated. Its body color varies widely, often featuring dark V-shaped crossbands along its back against a dark brown, black, or sulfur-yellow background.
The Northern Copperhead is slightly smaller, typically ranging from two to three feet in length, and lacks a rattle. Its most recognizable feature is a pattern of dark brown or reddish hourglass-shaped crossbands set against a lighter, copper-colored or pinkish-tan background. The crossbands are narrow along the spine and widen out on the sides, creating the distinctive hourglass pattern. Juvenile Copperheads have a bright, yellowish-tipped tail, which fades as they mature.
Restricted Habitats and Range
The populations of both the Timber Rattlesnake and the Northern Copperhead are extremely localized, largely due to habitat loss. These endangered snakes are not found throughout the state but rather in a few isolated, protected pockets. The Timber Rattlesnake is primarily restricted to specific mountainous areas in the western counties, such as the Berkshires and the Holyoke Range.
This species relies on rocky, forested hillsides and exposed bedrock, which offer the necessary conditions for their winter dens, known as hibernacula. These dens are often located on slopes with a southern exposure, allowing the snakes to bask in the sun for warmth. Copperheads are also found in highly localized areas, including the southern Connecticut River Valley and some populations near the Boston area.
The Copperhead prefers deciduous forests and moist habitats, often near traprock ledges and rock slides. Both species spend their summers foraging in nearby dense forests and underbrush but must return to specific rocky areas for the winter. Their restricted ranges mean that most of the state is entirely free of these venomous snakes.
Safety and Emergency Protocols
Preventing an encounter is the most effective way to ensure safety in areas where these snakes might be present. When hiking or walking in rocky, overgrown terrain, wear sturdy, high-top hiking boots and long pants. Always watch where you place your hands and feet, especially when stepping over logs or rocks, or reaching into crevices. Snakes are generally non-aggressive and will only strike if they feel threatened or are accidentally stepped on.
If a snake bite occurs, the immediate action is to call 911 for emergency medical services without delay. Keep the person calm and still, moving them away from the snake if possible. Remove any constricting items like rings, watches, or tight clothing from the affected limb before swelling begins.
The injured area should be cleaned gently with soap and water and covered loosely with a clean, dry dressing. Do not attempt traditional first-aid methods that can cause more harm, such as applying a tourniquet, cutting the wound, or trying to suck out the venom. Keeping the body calm and getting to a medical facility for antivenom treatment as soon as possible are the primary measures.