Iowa is home to a diverse array of wildlife, including many snake species. Encounters can raise questions about their potential danger. While most snakes found across the state are not venomous and pose no threat to humans, a few species do possess venom. Understanding which snakes are venomous and how to coexist safely with them is important for residents and visitors exploring Iowa’s natural landscapes.
The Venomous Snakes of Iowa
Iowa is home to four species of venomous snakes, all belonging to the pit viper family. The Timber Rattlesnake is the most widespread venomous snake in the state, often found in eastern and southern regions near wooded areas, bluffs, and rocky outcroppings. These large snakes can grow significantly.
The Eastern Massasauga and Western Massasauga rattlesnakes are smaller and much rarer in Iowa. The Eastern Massasauga prefers wet habitats in eastern Iowa, such as marshes and wetlands, while the Western Massasauga is found in rocky areas of southwestern Iowa. Both Massasauga species are protected, reflecting their declining populations. Another species, the Prairie Rattlesnake, is primarily restricted to the Loess Hills region in the northwestern part of the state.
The Eastern Copperhead is considered the rarest venomous snake in Iowa, with its presence limited almost exclusively to a few counties in the far southeastern corner. This species is typically smaller than the rattlesnakes found in the state. Despite their venom, encounters with copperheads are uncommon due to their limited range.
Recognizing Venomous Snakes
Identifying venomous snakes in Iowa involves observing distinct characteristics shared by pit vipers. These snakes typically have a broad, triangular-shaped head, noticeably wider than their neck. Their pupils are elliptical and vertical, resembling a cat’s eye, especially in bright light. Pit vipers also possess heat-sensing pits located between their eyes and nostrils, a feature absent in non-venomous species.
Rattlesnakes, including the Timber, Eastern Massasauga, and Prairie Rattlesnake, are distinguished by a rattle at the end of their tail. When threatened, they vibrate their tail, producing a characteristic buzzing sound. The Timber Rattlesnake has a solid black tail ending in a tan rattle, with a body pattern of yellow, gray, or brown coloration and dark chevron-shaped bands.
Eastern Massasaugas are typically gray or light brown with distinct dark brown blotches often outlined in white, and a small, dark rattle. Prairie Rattlesnakes exhibit varied coloration, from greenish-gray to light brown, with dark blotches that transition into rings near the tail. The Eastern Copperhead is recognized by its pale tan to pinkish-tan body marked with dark, hourglass-shaped bands that are narrower along the spine. Young copperheads are notable for their bright yellow tail tips, which fade as they mature.
Living Safely with Snakes
Coexisting with snakes in Iowa involves minimizing encounters and knowing how to respond. Keeping lawns mowed short and clearing debris like woodpiles, rock walls, and dense vegetation near homes can deter snakes by reducing hiding spots and prey sources. Sealing foundation cracks and installing rubber seals on garage doors can prevent snakes from entering buildings. Avoiding bird feeders between April and October helps reduce rodent populations, a food source for snakes.
Should you encounter a snake, giving it ample space is the most effective and safest approach. If a non-venomous snake is found inside a home, it can be gently guided into a container and released outdoors. For venomous snakes in a populated area, contact a professional snake removal service for safe handling.
In the event of a venomous snakebite, immediate action is crucial. Call 911 or your local emergency number without delay. While waiting for medical help, remain calm and still to slow the spread of venom, and move away from the snake’s striking distance.
Remove any jewelry or tight clothing from the bitten limb before swelling begins. Gently wash the wound with soap and water and cover it with a clean, dry dressing. Keep the bitten area at or below heart level.
Avoid applying a tourniquet, cutting the wound, attempting to suck out venom, or using ice, as these actions can cause further harm. Do not try to capture the snake, but note its appearance for identification by medical professionals. The Iowa Poison Control Center (1-800-222-1222) is also available 24/7 for guidance.