Arizona, known for its diverse landscapes, is home to a variety of reptile species. Turtles and tortoises are found across Arizona’s unique ecosystems. The state provides habitats for several native species, alongside some introduced non-native populations.
Arizona’s Native Turtles and Tortoises
Arizona supports two native desert tortoise species: the Mojave Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) and the Sonoran Desert Tortoise (Gopherus morafkai). The Mojave Desert Tortoise inhabits areas north and west of the Colorado River, in Mohave Desertscrub and some Woodland communities. These terrestrial tortoises utilize burrows for shelter and hibernation.
The Sonoran Desert Tortoise is found in central and southern Arizona, in Sonoran Desertscrub. Both species are herbivores, feeding on grasses, herbs, cacti, and other plant material. Desert tortoises are long-lived, reaching 50 to 80 years in the wild, and spend a significant portion of their lives within burrows to regulate body temperature and conserve water.
Arizona also hosts native aquatic and semi-aquatic turtles. The Sonora Mud Turtle (Kinosternon sonoriense) is found across southeastern and central Arizona, inhabiting rocky streams, creeks, rivers, ponds, and cattle tanks. This small turtle, up to 7 inches in length, has an olive or gray-brown dome-shaped shell and is carnivorous, eating insects, snails, fish, and frogs.
The Arizona Mud Turtle (Kinosternon stejnegeri) is found in south-central Arizona. This semi-aquatic species prefers temporary water sources and can remain dormant underground during droughts. The Desert Box Turtle (Terrapene ornata luteola) is also native to Arizona’s arid and semi-arid regions. These terrestrial turtles have a hinged lower shell that allows them to completely enclose themselves for protection and can live for 50 years or more.
Non-Native and Introduced Turtle Species
Arizona’s waterways and urban environments are home to non-native turtle species, notably the Red-Eared Slider (Trachemys scripta elegans). These turtles are introduced through the pet trade, often released into the wild by owners. Red-Eared Sliders are adaptable and thrive in various freshwater habitats, including urban ponds and canals.
Their presence poses ecological challenges for native Arizona wildlife. Red-Eared Sliders compete with native turtles for resources like food and basking sites. They can also transmit diseases to native populations. This competitive advantage and adaptability can lead to a decline in native turtle populations.
Protecting Arizona’s Chelonians
Protecting Arizona’s native turtles and tortoises is a conservation priority due to various threats. Both the Mojave and Sonoran Desert Tortoises are protected species under Arizona state law. It is unlawful to harass, harm, or collect these animals in any part of the state. This statute also prohibits releasing any wildlife, including desert tortoises, without prior approval from the Arizona Game and Fish Department.
The public plays a role in these conservation efforts. Never release pet turtles, especially Red-Eared Sliders, into the wild, as this contributes to ecological disruption and disease spread. If a wild turtle or tortoise is encountered, do not disturb or collect it. Report injured or illegally kept animals to the Arizona Game and Fish Department. Common threats include habitat loss and vehicle strikes, highlighting the importance of cautious driving in natural areas.