Squirrels are found throughout the Philippines, including both true tree squirrels and several species of flying squirrels. These rodents showcase a diverse range of adaptations.
The Squirrel Species of the Philippines
The Philippines is home to several distinct squirrel species, belonging to both the tree squirrel and flying squirrel groups. Among the true tree squirrels are the Philippine tree squirrel (Sundasciurus philippinensis) and the Southern Palawan tree squirrel (Sundasciurus steerii), which is unique to specific islands. The archipelago also hosts a variety of flying squirrels. These include the Palawan flying squirrel (Hylopetes nigripes), the Basilan flying squirrel (Petinomys crinitus), sometimes referred to as the Philippine flying squirrel, and the Mindanao flying squirrel (Petinomys mindanensis).
Their Natural Habitats and Distribution
Philippine squirrels primarily inhabit the dense forests across the islands, ranging from lowland to montane elevations up to approximately 2,100 meters. The Philippine tree squirrel, for instance, is widely distributed across the eastern and southeastern Philippines, including islands such as Samar, Biliran, Leyte, Bohol, Dinagat, Siargao, Mindanao, and Basilan. They often thrive in tropical rainforests and mossy forests. The Southern Palawan tree squirrel is found specifically in the tropical forests of southern Palawan, often dwelling in the upper canopy and middle strata. Flying squirrels, such as the Palawan flying squirrel, prefer subtropical or tropical dry forests. While primarily forest dwellers, some tree squirrel species have adapted to live near agricultural lands and can even be found in human-modified environments.
Distinctive Features and Behavior
Philippine tree squirrels are slender, brown or grey with a white underside, and possess bushy tails and sharp claws. A reddish ring often encircles each eye, and their tails can be annulated. These squirrels are diurnal, active during the daytime, and are known for their agility and quick movements through the forest canopy.
Flying squirrels, by contrast, possess a patagium, a furry membrane of skin stretching from their wrists to their ankles, which allows them to glide between trees. These species are primarily nocturnal, becoming active after dusk. The diet of Philippine squirrels consists of fruits, seeds, and insects, which they forage from trees and sometimes from the forest floor. They often construct spherical nests, called dreys, high in tree crotches using twigs, leaves, and shredded bark.
Conservation and Ecological Role
Many Philippine squirrel species are listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List, indicating a relatively stable population. However, their populations are declining due to significant threats, primarily habitat loss and fragmentation. Deforestation, agricultural expansion, and logging activities contribute to the degradation of their natural environments.
These squirrels play a role in their ecosystems, particularly through seed dispersal. By consuming fruits and then moving to different locations, they help distribute seeds, which contributes to forest regeneration and biodiversity. Some species are also considered agricultural pests in certain areas due to their foraging habits.