The Squirrels of Spain: Native and Introduced Species
Spain is home to a native squirrel species, the Red Squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris). This arboreal rodent typically measures 19 to 23 centimeters in head-and-body length, with a tail adding 15 to 20 centimeters. Its fur is reddish-brown, often with a lighter belly, and can appear darker in winter, sometimes developing ear tufts. Within Spain, the Red Squirrel exhibits regional variations in appearance, from larger, colorful-tailed individuals in central and southern pinewoods to smaller, darker squirrels in the north.
An introduced species, the Barbary Ground Squirrel (Atlantoxerus getulus), is also found in Spanish territory. Unlike the tree-dwelling Red Squirrel, this species is a ground squirrel, native to Morocco and Algeria. It was introduced to the Canary Islands in 1965. The Grey Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis), a significant invasive species in other European countries like the UK and Italy, is not established on mainland Spain.
Where to Spot Them: Habitats and Distribution
The native Red Squirrel is widely distributed throughout the Iberian Peninsula, primarily inhabiting forested areas. This species prefers mature pine forests, including various pine species, and can also thrive in mixed and deciduous woodlands. Red Squirrels are adaptable, found from sea level up to high altitudes, such as in the Sierra Nevada mountain range. Their distribution is somewhat discontinuous, present across most forested regions. They have successfully established populations in urban parks in cities like Madrid.
The introduced Barbary Ground Squirrel’s distribution in Spain is localized to the Canary Islands. It was initially brought to Fuerteventura, where it has since established a substantial population. These ground squirrels prefer dry grasslands and rocky terrains, often burrowing near water sources, adapting well to the arid conditions of the island. While efforts are underway to prevent its spread, there have been documented translocations to other islands within the Canary archipelago, including Gran Canaria and Lanzarote.
Ecological Footprint: Impact and Conservation
The Red Squirrel holds a “Least Concern” conservation status according to the IUCN, both across Europe and specifically within the Iberian Peninsula. Despite this overall status, populations in Mediterranean regions face challenges such as habitat loss and fragmentation. Reintroduction programs, like those in Madrid’s Retiro Park, have aimed to bolster local numbers, though these initiatives can face obstacles from urban predators like cats, dogs, and magpies.
In contrast, the Barbary Ground Squirrel is legally recognized as an invasive species in Spain, with strict prohibitions on its possession, sale, and transportation. Since its introduction to Fuerteventura, its population has grown significantly, reaching an estimated 300,000 individuals. This proliferation can lead to ecological impacts, including competition with native species for resources and potential alterations to local ecosystems. Management efforts are primarily focused on containing its spread to other islands.