Squirrels inhabit France, with both native and introduced species present across the country’s landscapes. This blend of indigenous and non-native populations contributes to the unique ecological dynamics observed in French woodlands and urban areas.
France’s Native Squirrel
The primary native squirrel species in France is the European Red Squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris). These squirrels have a reddish-brown fur coat, which can vary from light red to almost black, often with a creamy white underside. They possess distinctive ear tufts, particularly noticeable during winter, and a long, bushy tail that aids in balance while navigating trees.
Adult European Red Squirrels generally weigh 250-340 grams, with a body length of 19-23 centimeters and a tail adding another 15-20 centimeters. They are arboreal rodents, constructing dreys (nests) from twigs, moss, and leaves in trees. These squirrels inhabit coniferous and broadleaf woodlands, copses, parks, and urban gardens across France. The species is fully protected in France.
Introduced Squirrel Species
Several non-native squirrel species have been introduced to France, primarily through the pet trade, establishing localized populations. The Eastern Grey Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis), native to North America, is a notable introduced species in Europe. While not yet widely established across France, populations in Italy are rapidly expanding and are predicted to reach southeastern France by 2030. These squirrels are larger and more adaptable than their native counterparts, typically weighing 300-710 grams.
Another introduced species is the Siberian Chipmunk (Tamias sibiricus), originating from northern Asia. These small, striped squirrels were imported as pets in the 1960s, with many escaping or being released into the wild. Established populations can be found in suburban forests and urban parks, particularly around Paris. Pallas’s Squirrel (Callosciurus erythraeus) was also introduced to areas like Cap d’Antibes in the 1970s, where it has established a presence.
Ecological Implications of Squirrel Diversity
Introduced squirrel species in France present several ecological challenges, particularly concerning the native European Red Squirrel and the broader ecosystem. Eastern Grey Squirrels pose a significant threat through direct competition for food and habitat. Being larger and more robust, they can outcompete red squirrels, leading to a decline in native populations, a phenomenon well-documented in other European countries like the United Kingdom and Italy.
A further concern with grey squirrels is their role as carriers of the squirrelpox virus. This virus is lethal to European Red Squirrels but does not typically affect grey squirrels, making them asymptomatic carriers that can spread the disease. Beyond direct competition and disease, grey squirrels also cause damage to trees by stripping bark, which impacts forest health and timber quality. Siberian Chipmunks, designated as an Invasive Alien Species of Union concern, may also compete with native woodland species and can act as reservoirs for diseases like Lyme disease. France has implemented preventative conservation projects and habitat protection measures, including specialized rope bridges, to support its native red squirrel populations.