Oregon is home to a diverse array of snake species, with both non-venomous and venomous snakes inhabiting its varied landscapes. While the presence of snakes might cause apprehension for some, most species found in the state are harmless to humans and play an important role in maintaining ecological balance. These reptiles help control rodent and insect populations. Understanding the types of snakes present and their behaviors allows for safe coexistence.
Native Snake Species of Oregon
Oregon hosts 15 native snake species, with most being non-venomous. Garter snakes are among the most commonly encountered, identifiable by their striped patterns and found in various habitats, including suburban areas. They are generally non-aggressive, though they may release a foul-smelling musk or attempt to strike if threatened.
Another widespread non-venomous species is the gopher snake, which can grow three to six feet long. Gopher snakes have blotched patterns and a head shape that can sometimes lead to confusion with rattlesnakes, often mimicking a rattle by shaking their tail when agitated. The rubber boa, a unique constrictor, is also found in Oregon, notable for its smooth, rubbery skin and blunt tail that can resemble a second head. Racers are slender, fast-moving snakes that primarily hunt during the day.
The only native venomous snake in Oregon is the Western Rattlesnake (Crotalus oreganus). This snake is distinguishable by its broad, triangular head, vertical pupils, and the characteristic rattle at the end of its tail. Western Rattlesnakes typically average about 30 inches, though some can reach up to 48 inches. They are not inherently aggressive and usually use their rattle as a warning before striking.
Where Snakes Reside in Oregon
Snakes in Oregon inhabit a wide range of environments. They can be found in forests, grasslands, deserts, wetlands, and even extend into suburban areas and city parks.
Western Rattlesnakes are primarily found in drier, rocky regions, including eastern and southern Oregon, as well as oak habitats in the Willamette Valley and Columbia Plateau. They frequently utilize rocky outcrops, cliffs, or downed logs for cover and basking. Garter snakes, conversely, are commonly found near water sources such as streams, ponds, and marshes across the state.
Snakes are ectothermic, meaning their body temperature is regulated by the surrounding environment, making them more active during warmer months, from April through October. During cooler periods, they seek shelter in hibernacula, which can include rock crevices, mammal burrows, or underground dens, where they may congregate in large numbers. Their presence in human-modified landscapes is often due to the availability of food sources and shelter.
Safe Encounters and Coexistence
Encountering a snake in the wild requires a cautious approach to ensure safety for both humans and the animal. If a snake is encountered, it is important to maintain a safe distance and never attempt to handle, harass, or provoke it. Slowly backing away from the snake is the recommended response, allowing it to move away naturally.
Knowing the identifying features of the Western Rattlesnake can help distinguish it from non-venomous species. Most snake bites occur when individuals attempt to capture or kill a snake. In the rare event of a snake bite, seek immediate medical attention; do not try to capture the snake or apply a tourniquet.
To minimize unwanted snake encounters around homes, several preventative measures can be taken. Removing potential hiding spots like woodpiles, tall grass, dense brush, and debris can make a yard less appealing to snakes. Controlling rodent populations, which serve as a primary food source for many snakes, can also help deter them. Sealing cracks and openings in foundations and around pipes can prevent snakes from entering homes. Snakes are a natural part of Oregon’s wildlife, and respecting their space contributes to a balanced ecosystem.