Montana is a state celebrated for its vast landscapes and diverse wildlife, which includes several species of snakes. While many of these reptiles are harmless, the presence of venomous snakes is a reality for those exploring the state’s natural environments. Understanding which species poses a risk and how to react to encounters can contribute to safety outdoors.
Montana’s Potentially Deadly Snake
The only venomous snake species native to Montana is the Prairie Rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis). This pit viper has several distinct physical characteristics. Adults typically have a triangular-shaped head, a narrow neck, and a stout body. They possess heat-sensing pits between their nostrils and eyes, which aid in locating prey. Their eyes are elliptical, similar to a cat’s.
Prairie Rattlesnakes exhibit a pale green to brown coloration, featuring brown or black blotches along their backs that transition into rings towards the tail. These blotches may also appear on their sides, while their bellies are typically pale yellow to white. While a rattle at the tail’s end is a hallmark feature, rattlesnakes can sometimes lack or lose their rattles, so its absence does not guarantee a snake is non-venomous. Adult Prairie Rattlesnakes typically range from 24 to 45 inches in length, though some specimens in Montana can exceed 4 feet and may reach up to 60 inches.
The venom of the Prairie Rattlesnake is complex, primarily containing enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins, including metalloproteinases, serine proteinases, phospholipases A2, and neurotoxins. This intricate mixture immobilizes prey and initiates digestion. The venom is hemotoxic, primarily affecting blood and tissues, causing tissue destruction, bleeding, and swelling. Although their bites can be dangerous and potentially cause severe injury, fatalities from rattlesnake bites are rare, particularly with prompt medical treatment.
Where These Snakes Reside
Prairie Rattlesnakes are found throughout Montana, generally inhabiting areas below 6,400 to 6,500 feet in elevation. They commonly prefer open and arid country, including prairie grasslands, ponderosa pine stands, and mixed grass-coniferous forests. Areas with rocky outcrops and south-facing slopes are particularly favored habitats.
Encounters are more likely near river bottoms, along riverbanks, and in agricultural areas. They may also be found around human dwellings and yards, particularly in brushy areas or under woodpiles. Specific regions known for their presence include drier environments such as the Madison River area near Ennis, the northern parts of the Gallatin Valley, and Paradise Valley. Rattlesnakes often den communally and may travel several miles from their dens in search of food during warmer months.
Minimizing Risk of Encounter
To minimize the risk of encountering a Prairie Rattlesnake, take several precautions outdoors. Wearing sturdy hiking boots that extend above the ankle and loose-fitting long pants made of a tight weave can offer protection against bites. Avoid walking barefoot or wearing open-toed shoes in wild areas. Staying on marked trails is also recommended, as venturing off paths increases the chance of surprising a snake in tall grass or heavy underbrush.
Remain vigilant and observe your surroundings, especially when stepping or reaching into unseen areas. This includes being cautious around rock piles, logs, crevices, and other potential hiding spots. Most snake bites occur when people accidentally step on a snake or attempt to handle or provoke it. If a snake is encountered, maintaining a safe distance and allowing it space to retreat is the safest course of action, as snakes generally do not chase people.
Emergency Response to a Bite
If bitten by a suspected Prairie Rattlesnake, prompt action is important. Call 911 or emergency services immediately. While waiting for medical help, remain calm, as anxiety and movement can increase heart rate and potentially accelerate venom circulation. Move away from the snake and any potential additional bites.
Remove any jewelry, watches, or tight clothing from the bitten limb, as swelling can occur rapidly. Keep the bitten area as still as possible and position it at or slightly below heart level to help slow venom spread. Gently wash the wound with soap and water if available, and cover it loosely with a clean, dry dressing.
Avoid certain actions after a snakebite. Do not attempt to cut the wound, suck out the venom, or apply a tourniquet. These measures are ineffective and can cause further harm, potentially leading to increased tissue damage or infection. Also, avoid applying ice to the bite area or consuming alcohol or caffeine, as these can negatively impact the situation. Professional medical evaluation is necessary for all suspected venomous snake bites.